.
.
.
.
Collection of Memories
Dakota
1795 –
2007
Collection of Memories
By Elaine Wakaksan Matlow
January 2007
.
.
Part One of Three
Before
Leonard Peltier was born…
1795: The time was late October 1795. About 20 tents of the Sisiton
Dakota were camped. They were busy preparing for the winter. The men were
hunting, and the women were gathering roots. Into this scene came Henri LaRoque
to trade for furs these people had harvested. He unfortunately had two kegs of
whiskey, which he would use to get the men into a trading mood. As he was a
shrewd trader he gave one of the kegs away to the men. Once they had tasted the
“mysterious water” (miniwakan) they wanted more and he brought out the second keg.
Now they must trade for furs to get more of the evil liquid. No doubt being in
a happy mood they traded their furs cheaply. – L. Garcia
As the men became more intoxicated (witkoko) they began to argue
and kill each other. When morning dawned ten of their number lay dead. LaRoque
made a quick exit. They picked up their dead and removed to
Word reached LaRoque that he was a marked man. His business was
in trouble as well as his safety. He knew the Dakota mind and immediately
loaded his boat with trade goods and traveled to
They were known as ‘southern Sisseton’ because they ranged south
of Northern Sisseton who lived about
Thunderface or Itewakinyan, Chief of the Five Lodges. Signer of
the 1851 Traverse des Sioux Treaty. He died in 1857. He was known as the
Limping Devil because of a leg wound received from the Sac and Fox circa 1832,
and his contrary disposition. Every early traveler to
– L. Garcia
“Limping Devil” is a name of Euro-American language origins. The
word “devil” is not found in the Dakota language. Reasonably, the Dakota would
not use the word “devil” to describe a person, place or thing simply because it
does not exist in their language. The sound of thunder commands respect and is
represented by the sacred Thunderbird. Hence, Thunderface is a wakan or sacred
name.
http://www.hotcakencyclopedia.com/ho.Thunderbirds.html
Tateahnahiyayewin (Coming on Top of a Cloud) The sister of
Thunderface; Mother of Hunkawin aka Anna Jetty. (Garcia)
1812: The war of 1812, called “When the Redhead Begged for Our Help”
refereed to Robert Dickson asking the Dakota to fight beside the British once
again. In 1768, the Dakota pledged that they would have nothing to do with the
Americans. They were allies of the British in the Revolutionary War and refused
to transfer their allegiance to the Americans after the defeat of the British. (Elias 8) The
Cree word “Kimosopuatinhak” refers to the “Home of the Ancient Dakota” located
in
“The Dakota of the
Canadian Northwest: Lessons For Survival” By Peter D. Elias.
http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/ecp/content/aboriginals_siouans.html
1837: (Frenchman) Jetty, Frank or Saste (Pinky Finger) or Francois
Jette, aka Shetais. Born June or July 1837 in
1837: Jetty, Anna or Hunka (Honored One) SWS # 946, 1837 – 1921.
Father: Ptewakannajin, Mother: Tateahnahiyayewin. Married Frank Jetty by Indian custom at age
16. She had two children by him: Winona or Josephine (Mrs. August Frenier) and
Frank Stay Jr. (Ptewakannajin) circa 1859. She later married William Siyaka
(Diver Duck) with whom she had six children; Charles, Susan (Mrs. Moses St.
John), Moses Williams (Siyo = Prairie Chicken), Helen (Mrs. Supangi [Artichoke
Seed]), and two who died in infancy. – L. Garcia
1841: Holy Standing Cow or Ptewakannajin: father to Solomon Redfox. His blood
siblings are Sacred Visible Voice, and Hunkawin aka Anna Jetty. White Dog is a
half- brother. Tradition says he was married seven times. He was a guide to
Reverend Riggs to the Missouri River in 1841. Riggs says he was a nephew to
Thunderface. Redfox or Solomon Sunginaduta, DLS # 65, 1863 – 1942. The son of
Holy Standing Cow, and Tateahnahiyayewin. Hunkawin aka Anna Jetty was
the oldest child and Solomon was the youngest. – L. Garcia
1842: White Dog or Sunkaska, DLS # 280, 1842 – 1930. White Dog was a
scout for the Sibley Expedition of 1863. White Dog, Desired Woman, and White
Woman are siblings of Matowakan. – L. Garcia
.
.
http://hotcakencyclopedia.com/ho.WhiteWolf.html
http://www.ewebtribe.com/NACulture/stories.htm
.
.
“Sioux Dog Feast” by
George Catlin
http://catlinclassroom.si.edu/catlin_browsepagetribe.cfm?StartRow=201
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=george+catlin&btnG=Search+Images
http://images.google.com/images?q=george+catlin+sioux&btnG=Search&svnum=10&hl=en
http://www.indigenouspeople.net/catlin.htm
Black Elk Speaks Chapter 15 & 16 http://blackelkspeaks.unl.edu/index2.htm
.
.
“Sioux Indians by Seth Eastman – 1850”
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=Sioux+Indians+by+Seth+Eastman+1850&btnG=Search
. 
.
1851:
“Treaty of Traverse des Sioux”
List of Treaty Signers
Een-yang-ma-nee,
(“Running
Wee-tchan-h' pee-ee-tay-toan, (“the Star face” or the “Orphan”)
Ee-tay-wa-keen-yan (“Thunder Face”)
Eesh-ta-hum-ba, (“Sleepy Eyes”)
Oo-pee-ya-hen-day-a, (“Extending his train”)
Hoak-shee-dan-wash-tay, (“Good Boy”)
Ee-tay-tcho-ka, (“Face in the midst”)
Hay-ha-hen-day-ma-za, (“Metal Horn”)
Am-pay-too-sha, (“Red Day”)
Eesh-ta-humba-koash-ka, (“Sleepy Eyes – young”)
A na-wang-ma-nee, (“Who goes galloping on”)
Ma-h'pee-wee-tchash-ta, (“Cloud man”)
Tan-pa-hee-da, (“Sounding Moccasin”)
Eenk-pa, (“the upper end”)
Wee-yoa-kee-yay, (“Standard”)
Wa-kan-man-nee, (“Walking Spirit”)
Ee-tay-sha, (“the one that reddens his face”)
Ta-ka-ghay, (“Elk maker”)
Wa-ma-ksoon-tay, (“Walnut” or “Blunt headed arrow”)
Ma-za-sh'a, (“Metal Sounding”)
Ya-shoa-pee, (“The wind instrument”)
Noan-pa keen-yan, (“Twice Flying”)
Wash-tay-da, (“Good, a little”)
Wa-keen-yan-ho-ta, (“Grey Thunder”)
Wa-shee-tchoon-ma-za, (“Iron French man”,)
Ta-pe-ta-tan-ka, (“His Big fire”)
Ma-h'pee-ya-h'na-shkan-shkan, (“Moving Cloud”)
Wa-na-pay-a, (“The pursuer”)
Ee-tcha-shkan-shkan-ma-nee, (“Who walks shaking”)
Ta-wa-kan-he-day-ma-za (“His Metal Lightning”)
Ee-tay doo-ta, (“Red Face”)
Henok-marpi-yahdi-nape, (“Reappearing Cloud”)
Tchan-hedaysh-ka-ho-toan-ma-nee, (“the moving sounding Harp”)
Ma-zaku-te-ma-ni, (“Metal walks shooting”)
A-kee-tchee-ta, (“Standing Soldier”)
http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0588.htm
TREATY WITH THE SIOUX, SISSETON AND WAHPETON BANDS
10 Stat. 949, July 23, 1851, Proclaimed February 24, 1853.
http://www.utulsa.edu/law/classes/rice/Treaties/10_Stat_0949_Sioux.htm
.
.
Article Six of the United States
Constitution
“all Treaties
made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States,
shall be the
supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution
.
.
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=traverse+des+sioux
Francis
D. Millet, The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux, July 1851 - Because the Dakota
received only the interest, they never got the full cash benefit of the treaty.
The land ceded by the Dakota for about 7.5 cents an acre was resold to settlers
at $1.25 per acre--more than 15 times what the
Smoking the sacred pipe sealed the treaty agreement; making the
treaty holy and binding.
.
.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Peace_pipe.jpg
1851: "You have come with the words of our Great Father, and
have put them in this paper, but the Indians are afraid it may be changed
hereafter. I say this in good feeling. Perhaps you think many of these things
will be altered at Washington yourselves! You have been asked a great many
questions; and have answered 'yes' to them. If all prove true as you say, it
will be very good indeed. But when we were at Washington, the chiefs were told
many things; which when we came back here, and attempted to carry out, we found
could not be done. At the end of three or four years, the Indians found out
very different from what they had been told; and all were ashamed."
~Wacouta (Foremost Talker), 1851.
http://www.mnhs.org/places/historycenter/exhibits/territory/
1851 Inkpaduta: “Inkpaduta was left out
of the treaty negotiations in 1851 that transferred the land in northwestern
Iowa to the United States, Inkpaduta refused to recognize the treaty
restrictions. In 1852, when the new chief (Inkpaduta’s older brother) and 9 of
his family were axed to death by a drunken white whiskey trader, Inkpaduta
assumed the role. He informed the U.S. Army of the murder, but to his anger,
very little was done to bring the killer, Henry Lott, to justice, and the local
prosecuting attorney nailed the dead chief’s head to a pole over his house.”
1857: Inkpaduta did not sign or commit himself to the “1851 - Treaty
of Mendota”, nor did he receive treaty annuities. He did not smoke the sacred
pipe that would bind him to the treaty agreements. In 1857, Inkpaduta avenged
the spilling of innocent blood in the rapes and murders of his family with an
ax by Henry Lott. Insult was added to injury when his brother’s head was hung
upon a pole over the house of the local prosecuting attorney, who failed to
punish the murderer. The United States
Army failed to punish Henry Lott and would not bring the murderer to justice
when Inkpaduta brought the murders to their attention. Inkpaduta went to the
appropriate authorities to seek justice. Justice was not to be found. Avenging
the murders of his family became known as the “Spirit Lake Massacre”. Inkpaduta participated in the “Battle of the
Little Big Horn” in 1876 and accompanied Sitting Bull to Canada in 1877. He
died in Manitoba in 1881.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkpaduta
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mendota
http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0591.htm
“Beautiful
Voice knew that all Dakota people were being held responsible for the massacre.
It was even proposed to withhold all Dakota annuity payments until Inkpaduta
was captured. The plan was eventually dropped. Meanwhile, "friendly"
“Inkpaduta’s Revenge - The
True Story of the Spirit Lake Massacre” By David L. Bristow
http://members.aol.com/dlbristow/inkpadut.htm
May 1857, “Treaty of Traverse des Sioux” is violated: “In an attempt to
capture Inkpaduta, on 9 May 1857, Commissioner of Indian Affairs James Denver
issued instructions for Dakota annuities to be withheld until Inkpaduta and his
men were delivered to white authorities for punishment. This order violated
http://www.answers.com/topic/spirit-lake-massacre
May 1857: “Each chief of the four Eastern Sioux tribes was required to
provide a quota of warriors to the expedition against Inkpaduta”. “November
1857: Two lists of names of the Sisseton and Wahpeton Indians who went with
Little Crow after Inkpadutah’s band were compiled following the event. Both can
be found in the National Archives, Record Group 75, Inkpaduta file, Northern
Superintendency, 1857. (Pages 130 & 131)
“They state that the Si-si-tons and Wah-pe-tons, generally, are much in want,
and, as all their provision is consumed, they would be very glad to receive
their annuity.” (Page 142) “ The braves that went out have heard
something that makes them feel bad; they hear their women and children have
been hungry for four or five days. They do not deal foolishly with their Great
Father; He has abundance of money and other things.” (Page 142) “Legends,
Letters and Lies:
.
.
Little Crow
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyateduta
Ledger History Drawing:
Holy Standing Buffalo goes to Inkpaduta to retrieve captives.
Photo courtesy of Betty Smith
1857:
Council of Peace - Holy Standing Buffalo
(Ptewakannajin)
1857: Holy Standing Cow
(Ptewakannajin) went to Fort Snelling and was told Inkpaduta (Scarlet Point)
and his band of Wahpekute had captured two white women. The commander of the
fort told Holy Standing Cow of a reward for their return. Holy Standing Cow
said he would bring them back. He went to a relative who was a seer. This man
went into his tent and sang medicine songs. He told Holy Standing Cow where to
find the missing women. – L. Garcia
Holy Standing Cow and his brother Sacred Visible Voice, traveled
west until they came to the Missouri River. Somewhere near they located
Inkpaduta’s camp. They watched and saw the two white women. One day two guards
went with the women to bathe. The women were in the water, and the two guards
were sitting against a tree. The two Tizanptanna brothers surprised the guards,
but one went for his weapon and he was killed. The other guard was tied to the
tree and the brothers made their escape with the two white women. They took
them to Ft. Snelling, received a two wheeled Red River cart, clothing and
money, but no paper telling of their brave deed. – L. Garcia
Mrs. Alex (Angeline) Yankton related to Archie Redfox and I, the
sequel. Angeline spoke in Dakota and Archie translated her tale, as he wanted
me to get it directly from a source close to the traditional narration. Mrs.
Yankton said her father was Sungwakanduta (Scarlet Horse), a Yankton Nakota.
Her mother was Cankumazawin (Iron Road Woman). Her mother’s father was
Ticahdaiyotaka (Sitting by the House), a Tizaptanna. His brother was Nagisakata
(Dry Soul), and a sister Ptanskatewin (Playing Otter Woman). There was another
brother who was murdered, but his name has been lost. – L. Garcia
A remnant of the Tizaptanna went to Bdetanka (Echo Lake) or Ft
Qu’Appelle in Saskatchewan, Canada, and met up with the people who had the two
White women. These outlaws captured a few of the Tizaptanna, and said, “These
are the people who took the women and killed one of us. This made us sad. Now
it is their turn to be sad”, and they killed Mrs. Yankton’s uncle to avenge the
death of their comrade. They also took property away from the Tizaptanna to pay
for the loss of the White women. Some of the Tizaptanna departed Ft.
Qu’Appelle, but her uncles and aunt stayed because they heard they were named
as killing White people, but it was not true. The outlaws would not bother them
anymore because they paid their dept to them. This was the tribal law. Tom
Whiteman was the son of her uncle Sitting by the House. The Whiteman family
still live at Ft. Qu’Appelle today. – L. Garcia
1858: When Minnesota became a state, almost all Indian lands in
Minnesota had been ceded. The
1858:
Dakota delegation to Washington, D.C.
The
“But by 1858, a Kaposian named White Dog decided to form a farmer band.
Taopi joined this band. He also decided to dress and live the way white
government agents wanted him to. Many Dakota were upset and insulted by Taopi’s
decision. They thought these changes were a betrayal of traditional Dakota
values. “
http://www.ci.faribault.mn.us/history2/Taopi/Taopi_before.html
1862: Lower Sioux Agency
“In an earlier treaty the government
promised to support the tribe with food and yearly payments. But in 1862, the
government money was late.” “A war fought in the Minnesota River valley back in 1862 still
leaves scars today. On one side were the Dakota Indians. On the other, settlers
and the U.S. government. Hundreds of people died on both sides of the five-week
long war. It lead to the largest mass execution in U.S. history, when 38 Dakota
were hanged in Mankato.”
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/index.shtml
1862: “Let them eat grass…” The agent, Thomas J. Galbraith refused to give out the Dakota food payments and locked up the food and
supplies in a stone warehouse building with bars on the windows. The Dakota went in
through the roof of the building to get the food for their starving families.
Evidently, the agent never intended to make the food payment that was legally
due to the Dakota according their treaty with the United States government.
Article Six of the United States Constitution was intended to be broken when
the Lower Sioux Indian Agency warehouse was built with bars on the windows in
1861 with the intent of locking up treaty annuities that belonged to the Dakota
people.
“Myrick's" “let them eat grass"
statement was dehumanizing. It implied Indians were like horses or cattle. Among the many
casualties that day was the trader Andrew Myrick. He was found with grass
stuffed in his mouth.
Note: “The Lower Sioux Agency Inventory Spring of 1862” - lists
farming implements and supplies to be used by the Farmer Indians that were
stocked in the autumn of 1861 and winter and spring of 1862. The means to
support one’s family as a farmer was being withheld along with the treaty food
payments and annuities.
“Bury My Heart At
Wounded Knee” By Dee Brown (chapter 3)
http://www.rrcnet.org/~historic/whouse.htm
http://www.rrcnet.org/~historic/inventory.html
http://www.isd77.k12.mn.us/schools/dakota/conflict/causespage.htm
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part2.shtml
"That there are many bad men connected
with the service cannot be denied. The records are abundant to show that gents
have pocketed the funds appropriated by the government, and driven the Indians
to starvation. It cannot be doubted that Indian wars have originated from this
cause. The Sioux War in
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part3.shtml
.
.
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=1862+Mankato%2C+Minnesota&btnG=Search+Images
1862
“I AM HERE”
“On December 26, 1862,
the largest mass execution in U.S. history
occurred in Mankato following the Sioux Uprising. Thirty-eight Dakota Amerindians were hanged for participation in
the uprising; a total of 303 were sentenced to be hanged but President Lincoln pardoned 265.”
“The mass
execution was performed for all to see from a single scaffold platform. It was,
and still is, the largest execution in the history of the
.
.
Ma-hpi'-ya
A-i'-na-zin
One Who Stands On A
Cloud
(Cut Nose)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Uprising
http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/whi/fullimage.asp?id=27616
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part5.shtml
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part6.shtml
The hanging of 38 Dakota
took place in
The
hanging location was on what is now
~Ptan Du-ta
(Scarlet Otter)
~O-ya'-te Ta-wa
(His people)
~Hin-han'-sun-ko-yag-ma-ni
(One who Walks Clothed in Owl Feathers)
~Ma-za Bo-mdu (Iron
Blower)
~Wa-hi'na (possibly
meaning I Came)
~Sna Ma-hi (Tinkling
Water)
~Hda In-yan-ka
(Rattling Water)
~He-pan (Second
born child, this was given to the second boy)
~Tun-kan' I-ca'hda
Ma-ni (One Who Walks by His Grandfather)
~Ka-mde'-ca (Broken
to Pieces)
~He in'-kpa (The
Tip of the Horn)
~Na-pe'-sni
(Fearless)
~Ma-za Ku-te Ma-ni
(One Who Shoots As He Walks)
~A-i'-ca-ge (To
Grow Upon)
~Ho-i'-tan-in Ku
(Returning Clear Voice)
~Ce-tan' Hun-ka'
(Elder Hawk)
~Can-ka-hda (Near
the Woods)
~Hda'-hin-hde
(Sudden Rattle)
~O-ya'-te A-ku' (He
Brings the People)
~Ma-hu'-we-hi (He
Comes for Me)
~Ti-hdo'-ni-ca (One
Who Jealousy Guards His Home)
~Wa-kan Tan-ka
(Great Mystery or Great Spirit)
~Cas-ke'-da (First
Born Child. this was given to the first boy)
~Do-wan'-s'a (Sings
a lot or Singer)
~Ta-te' Ka-ga (Wind
Maker)
~Sun-ka Ska (White
Dog)
~Wa-kin'-yan-na
(Little Thunder)
~Baptiste Campbell
(a mixed blood)
~Wa-hpe Du-ta
(Scarlet Leaf)
~Wa-si'-cun (White
Man)
~I-te' Du-ta
(Scarlet Face)
~Ma-ka'-ta I-na'
(One Who Stands on Earth)
~Hypolite Auge (a
mixed blood)
~Tun-kan' Ko-yag I-na'-zin
(One Who Stands Cloaked in Stone)
~Ta-te' Hdi-da
(Wind Comes Home)
~Ma-hpi'-ya
A-i'-na-zin (One who Stands on a Cloud, also known as Cut Nose)
Reprieved:
~Ta-te Hmi-hma
(Round Wing)
http://www.isd77.k12.mn.us/schools/dakota/conflict/hangnames.htm
.
.
Photo
courtesy of LPDC
White Dog – Shunska,
1862
Oil Painting by
Leonard Peltier
.
.
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/whitedog.html
http://hotcakencyclopedia.com/ho.WhiteWolf.html
The
Remains of the 38
“After the 38 were hanged, their bodies were removed and tossed
on a sandbar in the Minnesota River. Doctors from around the region came to
claim the bodies for research. Each doctor was assigned a number that
corresponded to a number on a corpse in order to claim it. All, that is, except
Dr. William Mayo, whose sons would go on to form the world-famous Mayo Clinic.
Since Mayo had helped the white wounded during the Dakota Conflict, including
the battle of New Ulm, he was given his choice. He chose Cut Nose, one of the
warrior leaders. For years, “Little Doctor Mayo”, who stood 5’4”, kept the
bones of Cut Nose in a large kettle in his office to show to visitors. His
remains were eventually returned, over a hundred years later, to the Dakota
community and were reburied on May 19, 1998.”
“Of the remaining 37, only those remains of Stands In The Midst
Of Clouds have been returned. Dakota leaders hope that more will be returned to
them for burial after a recent federal court decision that makes it easier to
return skeletal remains. "It is a very important issue for us,"
stated a tribal leader. "The government has made it so complicated, it
takes a long time." Yet this issue goes beyond those 38 hanged. It is
estimated that Minnesota has at least 1,400 sets of Native American remains.
Most of these remains are now kept at Hamline University in St. Paul. “
http://www.isd77.k12.mn.us/schools/dakota/conflict/remains.htm
1862: “Little Crow, the
leader in the 1862 Indian uprising fueled by broken treaty promises and hunger,
had been murdered while gathering berries -- a year after the end of the
uprising. The farmers who killed him turned his scalp into the state's Adjutant
General to collect a government bounty on Indians. After Little Crow was
scalped and his body mutilated, his skull, scalp and arm bones eventually were
donated to the Minnesota Historical Society, where they were displayed until
1915. Despite family efforts to arrange a proper burial, Little Crow's remains were
still in the historical society vault a century after his death.
.
.
Little
Crow: “Taoyateduta's skull and scalp were removed from his body, and were set on
public display in St. Paul, (Kaposia)
where they so remained until 1971.”
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=little%20crow&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/mncultures/littlecrow.html
http://www.uwm.edu/News/profile/Beaulieu.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Uprising
1862: “Christ Spelbrink was
about 15 years old in 1862, and witnessed the Dakota attacks on farms in his
area. Spelbrink had Dakota friends, and may have been spared because of those
relationships. "Had the Indians been treated as agreed, honest and
upright, this bloody day in Minnesota's history would have been avoided. But as
it was, the Indians never had a square deal," Spelbrink wrote.”
.
.
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml
1862: The Five Lodge
Band of Sisseton fled from Minnesota during the Dakota Uprising of 1862. They
traveled north to the Pembina River. The Dakota people thought the Pembina
River formed the boundary between the United States and Canada. Once they were
on the north side of the river they were safe and could call upon the Queen for
assistance recalling their service to her majesty during the War of 1812. They
traveled to Winnipeg and neighboring White Horse Plains. When peace was
established in 1867, some of the Five Family settled on the Fort Totten -
Spirit Lake Reservation. – L. Garcia
1862: “Jetty, Frank Jr. or Frank Ste, Stay, Ptewakannajin (Holy
Standing Cow) DLS # 1194, 1860 - 1951. He was baptized in Minnesota by the
famous Father Genin. The Tizaptanna fled west in 1862 after the Minnesota
Uprising. His mother Hunka gave Josephine and Frank Jr. away, this was done to
save their lives as some of the Tizaptanna wanted to kill them, and all the
half-bloods in the band. Frank Junior was raised by a French-Chippewa family by
the name of Moses Azure and his wife Leocadie Martelle near Pembina, Dakota
Territory. Next, Isabel Gladu and her husband John Dease of Walhalla raised
Frank Jr. to an adult. Isabel was the former Mother Superior of the Grey Nuns
at St. Boniface, (near Winnipeg) Manitoba. Isabel and John married after she
left the convent. Franks’ sister,
Josephine (Winona) ran away at age eight and joined their mother Hunka at Lake
Traverse, making the trip alone. Frank Jr. married Julienne Dubois Pilon, a
Métis, spending much of his adult life with the Pembina Métis. He was well into
his fortieth year when he sought his mother to have him enrolled as a Dakota
here at Spirit Lake in 1904, and received a land allotment." – L. Garcia Frank and Julienne had
eleven children, five died in infancy, six lived. Helen married Robert Cavanaugh;
Max married Rose Morin; Fred married Angeline Morin; Francis Xavier married
Algena St. Clair, their son: John Francis Jetty married Irene Wakaksan Moore,
their children are: 5 daughters and 2 sons, their fourth daughter is Elaine
Frances Wakaksan Jetty; Ambrose married Francis Longie; and Annie Jane married
William Robideau. Their daughter, Alvina Robideau, became the mother of Leonard
Peltier.
In 1863, “Congress threw out all treaties with the Dakota. Money promised the
Indians instead paid the war claims of the settlers. All Dakota land was
confiscated. And in the crowning blow, the Dakota were expelled from Minnesota.
Those Indians who had fought, and those who had not, were treated the same. For
good measure, the Winnebagos were also kicked out, even though they played no
part in the hostilities.”
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part5.shtml
1867: When the original Devil’s Lake Sioux Reservation (now called
the Spirit Lake Reservation) was established in 1867, the Tizaptana Tiyospaye
(Five Lodge Band) of Sisseton came in to settle. In 1878 Indian Agent James
McLaughlin reported Sunkamaza (Iron Dog) was the chief of one hundred and nine
people. Today there are only four families that are descendants of this band.
They are the Redfox, Young, Jetty and L’Ange (Longie) families. There are many
tribal members whose great mothers belonged to the Five Lodges; their children
would trace their linage on the male side to another band. 150 years ago the
Five Lodges boasted of a population of 500 to 600. The rest of the band is now
scattered at Lake Traverse and in Canadian Reserves. – L. Garcia
1876: Battle of the Little Big Horn. The only survivor of the 7th
Calvary was a horse named Comanche. He came from far northern Fort Totten on
the Devil’s Lake Sioux Reservation. He traveled south to Fort Lincoln near
Mandan, then west onto the Battle of the Little Big Horn in Montana. Later, he
went to Fort Riley, Kansas in 1888. His body was stuffed and is now displayed
at the University of Kansas.
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/union-generals/custer/custers-last-stand.htm
1877: May 6th Sitting Bull arrives at Wood Mountain,
Saskatchewan, Canada. Julienne Dubois Pilon; married to William (Joe) Pilon,
gave birth to her firstborn son, Guillaume Pilon, born May 14, 1877 at Wood
Mountain. She was of the Metis People who lived at Wood Mountain during the
time when Sitting Bull assisted the Nez Perce who fled to Canada to seek
protection with the Sioux. She moved with her husband and son to Pembina where
her husband died. Pembina is located in the northern part of the Red River
Valley. She married a second time to Frank Ste Jette, of the Dakota Five Lodge
Band, at St. Boniface Church. She was a Catholic of French/Cree descent and
lived on the Devil’s Lake Sioux Reservation until she died (1856-1941). She is
the great-grandmother of Leonard Peltier.
http://www.nps.gov/archive/biho/fort_walsh.htm
1877: September, Fort Robinson, Nebraska, The Killing of Crazy
Horse: “That summer, my father told me,
the Wasichus wanted him to go to Washington
with Red Cloud and Spotted Tail and others to see the Great Father there; but
he would not go. He told them that he did not need to go looking for his Great
Father. He said: "My Father is with me, and there is no Great Father
between me and the Great Spirit." “Then I heard a loud cry in our own
language, and it said: "Don't touch me! I am Crazy Horse!" And
suddenly something went through all the people there like a big wind that
strikes many trees all at once. Somebody in there yelled something else, but
everybody around me was asking or telling everybody what had happened, and I
heard that Crazy Horse was killed, that he was sick, that he was hurt; and I
was frightened” ~ Black Elk
~ Black Elk Speaks (chapter 11) http://blackelkspeaks.unl.edu/chapter11.html
1877: October, the Nez Perce arrived at Sitting Bull’s camp at Wood
Mountain. The Nez Perce are given food and clothing by the Chippewa, Cree and
Métis People (Red River Half-Breeds) on their hardship journey to Canada. “Hear
Me, My Chiefs!” by L.V. McWhorter, Escape to Canada (Pages 508-524).
1883: December 2nd: Julienne Dubois Pilon marries Frank
Ste Jette as recorded by the Grey Nuns of St. Michaels, ND where both Julienne
and Frank Ste Jetty (1857-1951) are buried. A portion of Frank Ste Jetty
narrations of the 1862 events is in the book “Through Dakota Eyes” By Gary
Clayton Anderson and Alan R. Woolworth
1890: December 1890, the Ghost Dancers went to Sitting Bull’s
camp to dance the sacred ghost dance “it was about this time that bad news came
to us from the north. We heard that some policemen from Standing Rock had gone
to arrest Sitting Bull on Grand River, and that he would not let them
take him; so there was a fight, and they killed him. It was now near the end of
the Moon of Popping Trees, and I was twenty-seven years old (December, 1890)”. The Ghost Dancer’s fled to Big Foot’s camp
then onward to
~Black Elk Speaks
(chapter 23 & 24) http://blackelkspeaks.unl.edu/index2.htm
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/union-generals/sitting-bull.htm
1891 The Red Hawk
Ledger: “According to a
handwritten note found inside the ledger, Captain R. Miller originally "captured"
the book from Red Hawk at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota on January 8, 1891,
just days after the infamous massacre at Wounded Knee.” “In 1961, the Milwaukee Public Museum
published a portfolio containing 36 reproductions of the Red Hawk ledger drawings
with an accompanying informational booklet.”
One of the thirty-six-ledger art reproductions is of Holy Standing
Buffalo; the great-great-great grandfather of Leonard Peltier.
“THE LEDGER ART
COLLECTION AT THE MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM”
.
.
"Council
of Peace" - Rte (?) Wakannajiu (Holy Standing Buffalo)
http://www.mpm.edu/collections/artifacts/anthropology/ledger/index.php
1904 - Biographical Sketch of Frank Stay (Francois Jette): Married Hunkawin (Anna Jetty), he is the great-great grandfather of Leonard Peltier. Frank Stay Jette/Jetty is a descendent of Urbain Jette, born 1627 in St. Pierre de Verrin, Anjou, France; died May 13, 1684 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Urbain Jette married Catherine Charles October 03, 1659 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mn/county/wilkin/bios/1904-s3.htm
http://www.deloriahurst.com/deloriahurst%20page/817.html
http://genepoulin.com/d0030/f0000000.html
1920: White Dog Cures a
Neighbor - Some time in the 1920’s Mrs. Tangen of Tokio, North Dakota, a White
lady, was sick. She was near death when White Dog came and cured her using
Indian medicine. This possibly was the Spanish Influenza, which ravaged the
world with a pandemic. – L. Garcia
1920: Deposition of Solomon Fox - Mr. Redfox said he was cutting hay
August 7, 1920 when his father came and asked him to drive the wagon to town.
They went to the tribal lawyers’ office above Mann’s Department store. The
Lawyer, Traynor, had his office at Third Avenue and Fourth Street in the City
of Devils Lake. Court of Claims of the United States # 33731. The Sisseton and
Wahpeton Bands of Sioux Indians Verses The United States. Evidence for the
Plaintiffs. Solomon Fox or Redfox pages 260-265. Older tribal members were
questioned about their knowledge of the 1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux.
Thunderface was a signer of the treaty. Solomon states his grandfather was
Thunderface. Thunderface’s nephew is Holy Standing Cow, Solomon’s father. His
fathers’ brothers are Grey Thunder (died when Solomon was age 13 [11?]), Iron
Dog, and Holy Bear. Oddly, Solomon claims he is a Wahpeton. Most
ethnologists list the Five Lodges as Sisseton.
– L. Garcia
Note to
ethnologists:
“When they came back there was a Wahpeton,
named Hunka, who told witness that the negro was
the bravest of all; that he led them into a house and clubbed the inmates
with a hatchet; and that she was standing in the prisoner's tent door, and heard the Indians ask him how many he
had killed, and he said only seven; and that she
saw him, once when he started off, have a gun,
a knife, and a hatchet.”
“Dakota Conflict Trials” - Douglas O. Linder
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/Trials_of_Prisoners.html
1940: Tizaptanna at Vancouver Island - Many of the Tizaptanna had to
get away from the Americans (Minahanska), and so fled west across Canada. They
reached the Pacific Ocean and saw an island. They maneuvered until they were at
the closest point to this island. The water was still, so a scout swam across
the water to the island. Later the scout returned with the good news of an
unoccupied island. There was good water, trees, grass and lots of game. They
made rafts and as the water was still, it was an easy crossing. The Tizapatana
still live there today. Many people have confirmed this story. The Lameraux
family during World War Two worked in a defense plant in Seattle, Washington.
They met these people who were also working at the plant. – L. Garcia
September 26, 2002 Minnesota Public
Radio:
"Some of the Indians were forced into war by threat
of death if they didn't join. Some of the Indians fled the area. Some of the
Indians never were involved. They were out on the buffalo hunts, but they were
blamed for the war," says LaBatte. When the fighting ended, Dakota turned
against Dakota. Some volunteered to serve as scouts for the U.S. Army. Most did
it to escape exile to one of the new reservations. Ed Red Owl of Sisseton,
S.D., says the scouts set up a screen of camps across North and South Dakota.
Their job was to shoot any Indian returning to Minnesota. As many as 300 were
killed. Red Owl says any scout disobeying the shoot-to-kill order was subject
to military execution. "One of the chief scouts here tells ... of
encountering his own nephew. When he saw his nephew coming, he said, 'I had tears
in my eyes, but yet I had the orders of the United States Army to fulfill. And
so before my own eyes, I shot him until he died,'" Red Owl says. After the
war, the Dakota became a transient people. Their new home was wherever the
government decided to send them.
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part5.shtml
.
.
WAKAKSAN TIOSPAYE
1851 - 2007
.
.
.
.
Art
by Rex Moore
.
.
Generation One:
Ta-wa-kan-he-day-ma-za
(His Metal Lightning)
Wa-kan-hdi-ma-za
Land Patents
1892-1905: Cert. No. 116, Patent No.122
Hupayusnawin wife
of Wa-kan-hdi-maza,
Land Patents
1892-1905: Cert. No. 119 Patent, No. 125
Signer: “Treaty of Traverse des Sioux, 1851”
“Treaty With The Sioux – Sisseton and Wahpeton
Bands, 1851”
http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0588.htm
Signer: TREATY WITH THE SIOUX, SISSETON AND WAHPETON BANDS
10 Stat. 949, July 23, 1851, Proclaimed February 24, 1853.
http://www.utulsa.edu/law/classes/rice/Treaties/10_Stat_0949_Sioux.htm
Signer: “Devil’s Lake
Sioux Treaty - Amended Agreement-Certain Sioux Indians, 1873”
Devil's Lake Reservation, Fort Totten Agency, D. T., May 19,
1873
http://www.utulsa.edu/law/classes/rice/Treaties/17_Stat_0456_Sioux.htm
http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/nd/benson/land/bens-w.txt
Generation Two:
Wakaksan (Sneaking
Around)
Son of
Wa-kan-hdi-ma-za and Hupayusnawin
Wakaksan was chosen
as one of the ten men to speak on behalf of the original Devil’s Lake Sioux
Tribe: October 1901 - Council Meeting with Agent McLaughlin. He would have been
61 years old at this time and 10 years old at the signing of the “Treaty of
Traverse des Sioux, 1851”. 1903 Census, Land Patents 1892-1905: Cert. 116,
Patent 122, Cert. No. 117, Patent 125, and Cert. 119, Patent 125
Topakinajinwin
(Resting Four Times)
First wife of Wakaksan, 1903
Census Records. Land Patents 1892-1905: Cert. No. 118, Patent No. 124 aka
Sna-sna-mani-win.
Her mother, Mako-cha-duta-win (Red Earth Woman), was married to a French fur
trapper during the early times when fur traders lived among the Dakota. She was
pregnant with a second child when her husband never returned from going out to
check his traps during the winter. Perhaps he died or was killed in some way.
When the weather warmed, she and Sna-sna-mani-win gathered up their belongings,
along with a newborn son and walked back to her Dakota relatives.
Sna-sna-mani-win connotes “the swishing
sound of walking through grass”. This was the sound they made on their journey
back home. Mako-cha-duta-win married the husband of her sister. For the welfare
of the children, it was a Dakota custom for two sisters/cousins to be married
to the same husband. (Story told by Irene Wakaksan Moore)
Oyewakanhdiwin
(Track Of Lightning)
Second wife of Wakaksan, 1903
Census Records. Land Patents 1892-1905: Cert. No. 966
Possibly the
younger sister/cousin of Topakinjinwin aka Sna-sna-mani-win
Generation Three:
Martha Wakaksan
King Redroad – Oihduzewastewin (Dresses Nice Woman (1885-1963).
She was the daughter of Wakaksan and his first wife
Topakinajinwin aka Sna-sna-mani-win.
Martha married Samuel King; their daughter is Mary Wakaksan King
Moore.
(The Redroad) http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0493.htm
(The Redroad) http://www.utulsa.edu/law/classes/rice/Treaties/07_Stat_538_Sioux.htm
Samuel King’s mother (name unknown) was the daughter of Chief
Two Bears at Cannon Ball,
His father, Samuel King, Sr., was a son of a merchant at
Bismarck.
Sunkaknaskiyan
(Crazy Dog), a relative of Chief Two Bears adopted Samuel King
(Born 1882).
1900 Census: Standing Rock Agency.
Generation Four:
Mary Wakaksan King
Moore, (1905-1958).
Daughter of Martha
Wakaksan and Samuel King, Jr. She
married Samuel Moore of New York.
Generation Five:
Children
of Mary (Wakaksan) King Moore and Samuel Moore are:
Rex,
Irene, Ed, Grace, Gary and Helen.
Generation Six:
Children of Irene
(Wakaksan) Moore and John Jetty are:
Linda, Virginia,
Mary Margaret, Elaine (Chaykeyapewin), John, Deborah and James.
Irene’s other
children are: Myra, Dana and Melanie.
Generation Seven:
Davina, David and
Natasha (Wakaksan).
Generation Eight:
Julia (Wakaksan)
.
.
. 
.
.
.
Mato-Nupa
Chief Two Bears
“1882 Treaty at Standing Rock Agency”
.
.
. 
.
1863: Chief Two Bears (Mato Nunpa) was one of the prominent chiefs of
the Upper Yanktonais Lakota. The Yanktonais hunting territory ranged from the
eastern Dakota Territory to the Missouri River on the east side of the Missouri
River. Chief Two Bears was involved in the Whitestone Massacre in 1863 in which
some 150 to 300 Sioux Indians were killed. An Indian encampment was camped at
Whitestone Hill (near Kulm, ND) 85 miles east of the Missouri River where the
Yanktonais lived for 125 years between the James River and the Missouri River.
They were at home planting, hunting, and harvesting for the coming winter.
In 1862, the Minnesota uprising created concern about hostile Indians
toward homesteaders in the Dakota Territory. Two regiments of Calvary were sent
from Minnesota and Iowa to hunt Indians and put down any uprising in Dakota
Territory. The Indian encampment was attacked and many Indians were killed over
a three-day period. Chief Two Bears survived the Whitestone Massacre and
returned to Standing Rock.
Around 1865, Two Bears' band camped near Fort Rice. Two Bears served as
interpreter at the July 1867 treaty commission meeting at Fort Rice with the
Lakota. At the council at Fort Rice, On July 2, 1868, Chief Two Bears voiced
his objections to the reservation proposal: "Now I will tell you one thing
that I don't like; you are going to put all the tribes together and I do not
approve of it. I speak for my own band; our country is on the other side of the
river-we are Yankconais…The trouble was begun by the whites rushing into
selling our country…There is one thing that I must tell you; though I want to
make peace, yet I don't want to sell my land to the whites. It is the whites
who will break the treaty, not us. I don't give permission to any white men to
chop wood and get hay in our country."
By 1873, the Burnt Lodge, Lower Yanktonais settled 40 miles above the
Grand River Agency on the East Side of the Missouri River. Two Bears' band
included 55 lodges (families). Chief Two Bears also signed the treaty of
Laramie in 1868.
1876: He also participated in the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876
and later fled to Grand Mothers Country-Canada.
1882: He signed the “1882
Treaty at Standing Rock Agency” and lived at Cannon Ball, North Dakota.
.
.
. .
http://www.rootsweb.com/~usgenweb/nd/sioux/census/1900/260-11a.gif
http://www.primeau.org/StandingRock1885families.html#gates
http://www.axel-jacob.de/leaders17.html
.
.
Collection of
Memories
By Elaine Wakaksan Matlow
January 2007
..
Part Two of Three
After
Leonard Peltier was born…
12 September 1944: Leonard Peltier is born at Grand Forks, North Dakota to Leo
Peltier (Chippewa) and Alvina Robideau Showers (Dakota/Chippewa). http://users.skynet.be/kola/lpchrono.htm
1948-1953: Sojourn in Butte, Montana with family and Jetty relatives.
Lives mostly with his paternal grandparents Alex & Mary Dubois-Peltier on
the Turtle Mountain Chippewa Reservation, North Dakota.
1953-1956: Student at the BIA's Wahpeton Indian School, ND.
1957: Finishes 9th grade at Flandreau Indian School, South Dakota,
then returns to the Turtle Mountain Reservation.
1958: Attends a political meeting at Turtle Mountain about the U.S.
government's plans to "exterminate" the reservation. This inspired
him to become a warrior on behalf of his people.
1958: Rejected for scholarship by the Sante Fe Art School; drops out
of school.
1959: Moves to Seattle, Washington, and lives with the family of his
cousin Bob Robideau.
1961: Given medical
discharge from the U.S. Marines because of recurring problems with his jaw.
1961 The Red Hawk Ledger: The
Milwaukee Public Museum published a portfolio containing 36 reproductions of
the Red Hawk ledger drawings with an accompanying informational booklet. One of
the thirty-six-ledger art reproductions is of Holy Standing Buffalo; the
great-great-great grandfather of Leonard Peltier.
http://www.mpm.edu/collections/artifacts/anthropology/ledger/index.php
1965: Leonard Peltier and Howard Miller opened an auto body shop in
Seattle, Washington.
1968: The American Indian Movement (AIM) is established in
Minneapolis, Minnesota. Leonard Peltier plays no part in this.
1969: Occupation of Alcatraz Island, California, by Native American
activists. Leonard Peltier plays no part, but this occupation inspires his own
political consciousness.
8 March 1970: Leonard Peltier
and other NA activists occupy the abandoned
1971: “Little Crow, the
leader in an 1862 Indian uprising fueled by broken treaty promises and hunger,
had been murdered while gathering berries -- a year after the end of the
uprising. The farmers who killed him turned his scalp into the state's Adjutant
General to collect a government bounty on Indians. After Little Crow was
scalped and his body mutilated, his skull, scalp and arm bones eventually were
donated to the historical society, where they were displayed until 1915.
Despite family efforts to arrange a proper burial, Little Crow's remains were
still in the historical society vault a century after his death.” In 1971, at
the urging of Beaulieu and others, Little Crow's remains were returned to his
family. He is buried next to his grandson, Jesse Wakeman in
http://www.uwm.edu/News/profile/Beaulieu.html
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=little%20crow&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi
The
http://www.indigenouspeople.net/littcrow.htm
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&q=minnesota+historical+society&btnG=Search
1972: Leonard Peltier joins AIM, moves to the Pine Ridge Reservation,
SD, working with AIM
co-founder Dennis
Banks. He then moves to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to work with the local AIM
office. In the fall, Leonard Peltier joins The Trail of Broken Treaties caravan
to Washington DC, to bring a list of 20 grievances to the U.S. government. When
BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs, Interior Dept.) officials "forget" to
find the promised accommodations for the elderly, the activists take over the
BIA building a few blocks from the White House - just days before the 1972
Presidential elections. The Nixon administration avoids violent confrontation
by promising to review the grievances list (they never did), and paying the
return-home expenses of the activists. Leonard Peltier serves on security
during the BIA takeover, and is thus marked a "troublemaker" by the
FBI.
1973:
During 71 days, AIM occupies the village of Wounded Knee; SD. Leonard Peltier
plays no part. The siege ends on May 9th. The infamous GOONs continue their
reign of terror against Oglala Lakota traditional people and their AIM
supporters. (Northwest AIM group, of
which Leonard was a member, led by Jim Robideau, fought along side of
other AIM groups at Wounded Knee. Joe Stuntz, who died at Oglala, was also at
Wounded Knee.)
Late 1973 - early
1975: Leonard
Peltier sharing leadership of Northwest AIM with Jim Robideau joins
the Puyallup and Nisqually fishing rights struggle in Washington, and takes part
in AIM protests in Arizona and Wisconsin.
Late 1974: Leonard
Peltier takes full leadership position with Northwest AIM, when Jim
Robideau stepped away to become more involved with the Peyote religion.
Early 1975: Cresendoing Reign of Terror during early 1975 prompts Pine
Ridge Elders to summon AIM for protection from attacks by the GOONs. Among
those who respond: Dennis Banks, Bob Robideau, Dino Butler, and Leonard
Peltier. They set up a small tent city on the Jumping Bull family property near
the town of Oglala, hoping to fend off further GOON attacks.
26 June 1975: FBI agents Jack Coler and Ronald Williams, in unmarked cars,
drive at full-speed into the Jumping Bull property; ostensibly chasing a red
pickup truck in which they suspect a minor thief is riding. The FBI has never
explained why it made such a concerted effort to catch that thief - accused of
stealing a pair of used cowboy boots! - When it had failed to investigate the
recent deaths of dozens of AIM supporters in the same area. (60 Indian people
were found dead & no investigation by the FBI). A firefight erupts between
the intruding unidentified agents and the AIM activists. Within minutes, scores
of FBI agents, U.S. marshals, BIA police, and trigger-happy GOONs surround the
Jumping Bull property. Many of them had been in place nearby at least 20
minutes before, according to FBI documents that were released years later. The
FBI agents Coler and Williams, and one AIM activist, Joe Stuntz Killsright, die during the fierce hours-long firefight. By
late afternoon, Leonard Peltier and more than two dozen others manage to flee
the property and escape, despite being surrounded by a tightening cordon of
lawmen. Meanwhile, the chairman of the Pine Ridge tribal council, Dick Wilson
signs a secret agreement transferring one-eighth of the Pine Ridge Reservation
to the federal government - lands rich in uranium and other minerals. Many
people around the world believe the FBI's June 26th attack was a planned
diversion to conceal the land transfer - a diversion that went terribly wrong
when their agents were killed.
July 1975: Following the
escape of the AIM activists from the Jumping Bull property, the FBI stages a
massive manhunt for the escapees, terrorizing the Pine Ridge traditional
community.
August 1975: Leonard Peltier
secretly attends the Crow Dog Sun Dance ceremony on the Rosebud Reservation,
SD; then heads north and west, escaping across the Canadian border and winning
refuge with a remote group of First Nation people in the Rocky Mountains.
5 September 1975: In the midst of a new flurry of unexplained murders of AIM
members and supporters, the FBI raids the home of medicine man Leonard Crow
Dog, spiritual leader of the Wounded Knee takeover, and arrests Darrel
"Dino" Butler - another escapee from the Oglala firefight - along
with Crow Dog himself and Micmac AIM activist Anna Mae Aquash. Neither of the
latter was at the Oglala firefight. The FBI threatens Anna Mae with death
unless she gives false testimony against Peltier and others from AIM. She refuses.
10 September 1975: A station wagon driven by Bob Robideau, another fleeing escapee
explodes near Wichita, Kansas. From the wreck the FBI discovers a badly burned
AR-15 rifle - claiming without any proof whatsoever: that it was the weapon
that killed the agents; and 2) that it was Peltier's own rifle. This weapon and
the shell casings supposedly from it were among the key evidence later used
against Peltier in his trial.
October 1975: FBI lab reports - not revealed until they wee obtained years later
through the Freedom of Information Act - state that the Wichita AR-15
rifle "contains a different pin than the rifle used at the jumping Bull
scene", thus flatly disproving that the Wichita rifle was the murder
weapon. This and other pieces of exculpatory evidence were hidden away by the
prosecution and withheld from the defense at Peltier's later trial in Fargo,
ND.
25 November 1975: Four men are indicted by a federal grand jury for their alleged
role in the deaths of the two FBI agents. The four are: Leonard Peltier, Bob
Robideau, Dino Butler, and Jimmy Eagle (the young man suspected of stealing the
pair of cowboy boots whose theft allegedly brought the two FBI agents to the
Jumping Bull property the day of the firefight).
6 February 1976: Peltier is arrested by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in
western Canada. He is held under maximum security at Oakalla Prison in
Vancouver, British Columbia, while lengthy extradition hearings are held.
10 February 1976: the FBI releases a report stating that it had found a match
between the Wichita AR-15 rifle and a .223 rifle shell casing found, belatedly,
in the trunk of one of the FBI agents' cars. This totally contradicts their own
earlier lab reports, which they kept hidden.
24 February 1976: The decomposed body of "Jane Doe" is found in a gully
on Pine Ridge. The BIA coroner reports the victim died of exposure to cold. Her
hands are cut off and sent to the FBI headquarters in Washington DC for "positive
identification", while they could easily have taken her fingerprints
on the scene.
5 March 1976: "Jane Doe" is identified by the FBI as Anna Mae
Aquash, the AIM activist who had refused, despite FBI death threats, to give
false testimony against AIM.
11 March 1976: Anna Mae Aquash's family from the Micmac Reservation in Nova
Scotia, Canada, has her body exhumed from Pine Ridge burial. A new coroner
discovers a "detail" the BIA coroner had unaccountably missed: she
had been shot in the back of the head at close range. Her death, shortly before
her expected appearance at upcoming trials of Peltier and the others, leaves a
mystery being actively explored to this very day.
31 March 1976: Still trying to find convincing evidence of Peltier's guilt so
as to gain his extradition from Canada, FBI agents show photographs of Anna
Mae's severed hands to a confused Native American woman, Myrtle Poor Bear,
telling her both she and her daughter face a similar fate unless she
cooperates. Under duress, she signs an affidavit the FBI wrote for her stating
that she is Peltier's girlfriend - though she had never met him - and also
claims she saw him shoot the agents - though, as the FBI knew, she was never
there. This affidavit and other fabricated information convince the Canadian
courts there is enough evidence to extradite Peltier. He is ordered extradited
but his appeals keep him in Canada until December.
7 June - 16 July 1976: Trial of Dino Butler and Bob Robideau
in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Allowed to plead innocent by reason of self-defense in
firing at the intruding FBI agents, Butler & Robideau win full acquittal on
murder charges after a tumultuous trial. Dismayed by the results of the Cedar
Rapid trial, the FBI and prosecutors drop all charges against Jimmy Eagle so
that, as FOIA documents would later reveal, "the full prosecutive weight
of the federal government could be directed against Leonard Peltier".
16 December 1976: Peltier is extradited from Canada to the USA on the basis of
false testament fabricate by the FBI. Under massive security, he is flown from
Vancouver to Rapid City, SD.
16 March 1977: Trial of Leonard Peltier on double murder charges begins in
Fargo, North Dakota. Government manipulations transfer the trial from Cedar
Rapids, IA, where Robideau and Butler were acquitted, to a site renowned for
anti-Indian sentiment. Judge Benson rules all evidence must be tightly limited
to events of the day of the shootout: June 26, 1975. No mention is allowed of
the Reign of Terror preceding the shootout at Pine Ridge, nor of Myrtle
Poor Bear's false affidavits; nor of the FBI intimidation and coercion of
witnesses, or of most of the evidence that had led to the acquittal by reason
of self-defense of Robideau & Butler. The judge declares: "The FBI is
not on trial here". Peltier is not permitted to claim "self-defense".
In a shocking and flagrant display of American Injustice, virtually
all-exculpatory evidence is hidden from the defense or ruled inadmissible.
18 April 1977: Under an extraordinary kangaroo-court atmosphere of
intimidation by the government, an all-white jury, after 8 hours of
deliberation, convicts Leonard Peltier of the direct murder of the two FBI
agents.
2 June 1977: Peltier is sentenced to two consecutive life terms in federal
prison. After a stint at Leavenworth, Kansas, he is sent to Marion Maximum Security
Penitentiary in Illinois.
4 July 1978: Peltier is warned by a fellow NA inmate that he will soon be
transferred from
1978 American Indian Religious Freedom Act: “On and after August 11, 1978, it shall be the policy of the
United States to protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right
of freedom to believe, express, and exercise the traditional religions of the
American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut, and Native Hawaiians, including but not limited
to access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects, and the freedom to
worship through ceremonials and traditional rites.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIRFA
http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode42/usc_sec_42_00001996----000-.html
5 March 1979: The U.S. Supreme Court refuses to review Peltier's case.
10 April 1979: Peltier is transferred to Lompoc prison, as he had been warned.
20 July 1979: Fearing an imminent assassination attempt, Peltier - with
fellow NA prisoners Dallas Thundershield and Bobby Garcia - climbs over a
perimeter fence and escapes from Lompoc prison. Dallas Thundershield is shot in
the back and killed by prison guards. Bobby Garcia is quickly captured, but
Peltier escapes and eludes a huge manhunt until he is finally recaptured in a
farmer's field five days later. At the subsequent trial for the escape, he is
not allowed to use fear of assassination as a defense. Seven years are added to
the original double-life sentence.
4 February 1980: Peltier is transferred back to
13 December 1980: Bobby Garcia is found dead in a prison facility at Terre Haute
Federal Penitentiary, Indiana. Authorities claim he hanged himself. Many are
convinced he was murdered.
1 October 1984: Hearing for a new trial begins in Bismarck, ND, before Judge
Benson, the same judge who presided at Peltier's Fargo trial.
22 May 1985: Even though the original prosecutor, Lynn Crooks admits the
government does NOT know who killed the FBI agents, Judge Benson denies
Peltier's appeal for a new trial.
June 1985: Peltier is transferred to USP Leavenworth in Kansas.
11 September 1986: Peltier's conviction is affirmed by the U.S. 8th Circuit Court
of Appeals, despite acknowledgement of clear FBI misconduct.
1990: Big Foot Memorial Ride, initiated in 1986 by Curtis Kills Ree,
is a re-enactment of the cold December flight of the Ghost Dancers of 1890. The
Ghost Riders travel on horseback from Standing Rock Agency to Wounded Knee,
South Dakota.
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7929355727040597087
18 April 1991: Senior Judge
Gerald Heaney of the 8th Circuit panel that denied Peltier's 1986 appeal, now -
having left the Court - writes to the U.S. President that evidence of unlawful
misconduct by the FBI and other governmental agencies before, during, and after
the Fargo trial persuades him that Leonard Peltier deserves executive clemency.
October 1991: Evidentiary hearing for a new trial in Bismarck, ND.
30 December 1991: Petition for a new trial denied again by the original judge
(Benson) at 1977 Fargo trial.
23 March 1992: Peltier's attorneys file a new appeal with the 8th Circuit
Court of Appeals.
9 November 1992: Original prosecutor at Fargo trial, Lynn Crooks, admits again
before the 8th Circuit Court that the government does NOT know who killed the
two agents or what role Peltier may have had in the firefight.
7 July 1993: Despite overwhelming exculpatory evidence, the 8th Circuit
Court again denies Peltier's appeal and reaffirms his conviction.
21 November 1993: After the U.S. Parole Commission denies appeal for parole,
Peltier's appeal attorney and former U.S. Attorney General, Ramsey Clark
formally petitions for executive clemency from the U.S. president; application
is sent to the U.S. Attorney General for review and recommendation, a process
normally taking from 3 to 9 months.
15 December 1994: The European Parliament passes a unanimous resolution
supporting executive clemency for Peltier.
December 1995: Peltier is temporarily transferred to U.S. Medical Center for
federal prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, for surgery on his ailing jaw;
requires six blood transfusions, nearly dies.
19 March 1996: The U.S. Parole Commission again denies parole, tells Peltier
to reapply in the year 2008!
April 1997: The Belgian Parliament passes a unanimous resolution in support
of Peltier; asking the U.S. Congress to start hearings into the FBI misconduct
in this particular case.
4 May 1998: At an interim parole hearing the U.S. Parole Commission
reaffirms its denial of parole; again tells Peltier to reapply in 2008.
19 May 1998: “For years, Mayo kept the bones of Cut Nose in a large kettle
in his office to show to visitors. His remains were eventually returned, over a
hundred years later, to the Dakota community and were reburied on May 19, 1998.
Of the remaining 37, only those remains of Stands In The Midst Of Clouds have
been returned. Dakota leaders hope that more will be returned to them for
burial after a recent federal court decision, which makes it easier to return
skeletal remains. "It is a very important issue for us," stated a
tribal leader. "The government has made it so complicated, it takes a long
time." Yet this issue goes beyond those 38 hanged. It is estimated that
Minnesota has at least 1,400 sets of Native American remains. Most of these
remains are now kept at Hamline University in St. Paul.
http://www.isd77.k12.mn.us/schools/dakota/conflict/remains.htm
http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/whi/fullimage.asp?id=27616
21 November 1998: Five years after the petition was made, Peltier's request for
executive clemency remains mired in the U.S. Attorney General's office.
11 February 1999: The European Parliament passes a second unanimous resolution in
favor of executive clemency.
20 January 2000: Canada's largest native group joined its American counterpart
in Leavenworth prison to visit Leonard Peltier. The Assembly of First Nations
and the National Congress of American Indians hope their combined weight - more
than three million people) will increase pressure for Peltier's release.
18 February 2000: Nobel Peace Prize laureate and UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador,
Rigoberta Menchu Tum, along with Amnesty International meet Leonard Peltier in
prison.
20 March 2000: Peltier is suddenly transferred to the Rochester Medical
Center, Minnesota, for another jaw surgery.
22 March 2000: Dr. Keller at the Mayo Clinic, MN, reports that x-rays of
Peltier's jaw were taken. The x-rays showed that Leonard has alkalosis on both
sides of his jaw, meaning that his jaw is totally frozen. Dr. Keller performs a
five-hour surgery on Peltier, and returns his jaw to a complete working
condition. Peltier receives proper medical treatment at long last. On the other
hand, he has been tortured for four years from a condition that could have been
fixed in five hours. Prison officials had been saying for over a year that his
condition did not warrant x-rays, a second opinion, or any treatment at all.
Proof, once again, that vindictiveness has replaced Leonard Peltier's human and
constitutional rights by government officials and they feel completely
comfortable lying to the public, Congress, and even the United Nations.
However, it also shows that enough pressure from concerned individuals and
human rights groups can have a positive effect.
23 May 2000: “Around 1915, human remains representing one individual were obtained from G.S. Knapp of Chicago, IL by the Public Museum of Grand Rapids by an unknown method. This individual has been identified as Marpiya Okinajin, a Dakota man executed in 1862 following the United States--Dakota War. No associated funerary objects are present. The identification of these human remains as those of Marpiya Okinajin is based on a note found with the remains indicating it is a piece of skin from ``Chief Cut Nose'', an alleged leader of the ``New Ulm Massacre''. Historic documents confirm that Marpiya Okinajin was among the 38 men executed by the U.S. government on December 26, 1862 at Mankato, MN. ``Cut Nose'' was used as the translation of Marpiya Okinajin by Americans at the time. Further information indicates that following his execution; this piece of Marpiya Okinajin's skin was removed from his body by a ``Dr. Sheardown.'' There is no information to indicate these human remains are not those of Marpiya Okinajin. No verified lineal descendants have come forward, and a claim of cultural affiliation has been submitted by representatives of the Lower Sioux Indian Community of Minnesota Mdewakanton Sioux Indians of the Lower Sioux Reservation in Minnesota.”
Little boxes containing the skin were sold in Mankato after the hangings. Over the years, many “souvenir”pieces of skin have continued to be sold, some on eBay. Of course, most are hoaxes and are just hunks of pigskin
http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/whi/fullimage.asp?id=27616 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Uprising
1 August 2000: The Democratic Party of California passes a unanimous
resolution in support of executive clemency for Peltier. The resolution,
introduced by the Marin Progressive Democrats, passes with overwhelming
support, including the entire 550 California Democratic delegates to the
National Democratic Convention.
November 2000: The FBI Agents Association and the Society of Former FBI Agents
organize a telephone campaign to the White House in an attempt to discourage a
grant of executive clemency for Peltier. Combined, the two organizations have
membership in the tens of thousands. They purchase a toll free number for their
membership to utilize when calling the White House.
November/December 2000: The White House declines comment on
all questions about possible presidential pardons. In late November, President
Bill Clinton announces he will review pending requests for executive clemency
before he leaves office in January 2001; including that of Peltier. FBI
Director Louis Freeh recommends that President Clinton deny the request for
clemency. Freeh tells Clinton such an act would "signal disrespect"
for law enforcement.
15 December 2000: Nearly 500 current and retired FBI agents’ march to the White
House in an unprecedented protest, opposing any presidential clemency for
Leonard Peltier. Carrying a "Never Forget" banner lettered in
red, a line of women stand 2-by-2 for the march to the White House gate with a
petition to President Clinton signed by 8,000 current and former agents. This
FBI protest is totally inappropriate, and it is a sad day for democracy when
armed forces march through the streets to influence a decision for mercy and
justice by a civilian president.
20 January 2001: The last gesture of Bill Clinton as president is to pardon something
like 176 people who had been convicted, were under indictment, or otherwise in
trouble with the law. Many are friends or people Clinton is beholden to: his
brother, Susan McDougal (who served 18 months for contempt after refusing to
answer before a Whitewater Grand Jury whether Clinton had told the truth in his
testimony); billionaire financier Marc Rich, exiled in Switzerland, afraid to
travel for fear of extradition to the U.S. for record tax fraud and whose
citizenship he has renounced, and whose wife Denise was a lavish giver to the Democratic party and
Clinton library. Nowhere in the gaggle of pardonees is Leonard Peltier...
15 October 2001: “PROFILES: MAYO ET AL. By John W. Klooster - Delivered to the
Chicago Literary Club” October 15, 2001”
http://www.chilit.org/KLOOSTER1.HTM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Worrall_Mayo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_Mayo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horace_Mayo
2 November 2001: Peltier's Attorney Eric Seitz files a motion which seeks the
reduction of Peltier's life sentences from consecutive to concurrent. A
reduction would obligate the Parole Commission to grant Leonard's release.
5 December 2001: Almost 26 years after his false extradition from Canada to the
United States, Leonard Peltier is honored with the 2001 OFL Human Rights
Award from the Ontario Federation of Labour. The province's federation of
trade unions represents about 600,000 of the estimated 2.2 million unionized
workers in Canada.
6 February 2002: Peltier begins his 27th year in prison - measured from his
arrest in Canada in 1976.
22 March 2002: U.S District Court Judge Magnison, North Dakota, denies
Peltier's motion to reduce his sentence without a hearing based upon issues of
timeliness. Such a motion is supposed to be filed within a year following a
conviction. However, Peltier's attorneys argue that filing at this late date is
justified because of significant developments that occurred since trial, citing
cases in which exceptions had been made due to extraordinary circumstances. The
court says that the significant developments in question (government admission
it can't prove who shot the FBI agents; ballistics) have already been
litigated. Judge Magnison refuses to consider these issues despite the clearly
different character of the case, which seeks a review of sentence and not a new
trial like before. Attorney Eric Seitz promises to appeal the decision to the
8th Circuit Court.
Late March 2002: The LPDC (Leonard Peltier Defense Committee) tries to obtain
new evidence and generated around the extradition.
4 April 2002: Former FBI director Louis Freeh is named as a defendant in a
lawsuit filed by Peltier's attorneys. Freeh, along with the FBI Agents
Association and a long list of active FBI agents, are accused of violating
Peltier's constitutional rights by making false and unsupported statement to
the public, the Department of Justice, the U.S. Parole Commission, and former
President Clinton. The complaint, filed in U.S. District Court in Washington
DC, alleges that the FBI "engaged in a systematic and officially
sanctioned campaign of mis-information and dis-information" designed to
prevent Peltier from receiving fair clemency and parole reviews.
May 2002: For over a year now, Leonard has been quietly enduring a bone
spur in his heel. He has sought treatment for this painful condition, yet none
of the remedies offered by the federal US Bureau of Prisons have worked. His
condition is worsened by poor-quality footwear and by stressing the foot. He received two cortisone shots, which had no
effect. He is forced to work at the Unicor procedure to correct the bone spur,
but the Bureau of Prisons medical facility in
June 2002: The FBI releases eleven boxes of documents from their
headquarters in Washington, DC. The +30,000 documents are first released to the
office of US Congressman Barney Frank (D-MA), who wrote to the FBI regarding the
documents after he received hundreds of letters from constituents on the issue.
In the coming months, these documents will be digitized with a high- tech
scanner, which will allow thorough searching, indexing and cross-referencing.
The documents will be analyzed by a team of experts including attorneys Bruce
Ellison, Jennifer Harbury, among others. While these documents represent the
extent of what the FBI claims it had in their headquarters, there are still
many more documents in the 56 field offices. The Minneapolis field office
reports 42,000 pages in Peltier's file, and an FBI agent assigned to FOIA
issues in Washington says the volume may near 100,000 pages. The goal is to vigorously pursue full declassification of all
the remaining FBI documents.
9 July 2002: Leonard Peltier has an interim parole hearing. An interim
parole hearing is different from a regular parole hearing. Its purpose is to
review the Parole Commission's original decision to deny parole to see if any
new developments warrant a change. The Commission can do one of three things:
affirm the original decision to deny parole and leave the next full hearing
date (2008) in place (the most common scenario); accelerate or postpone the
next full hearing date; or grant parole (the rarest scenario). And as was
feared: again parole is denied. The next full hearing is in six years from now.
9 September 2002: Alvina Showers - Leonard's mother - passes away in the early
morning in Oregon. Leonard Peltier is not allowed to attend the funeral.
10 September 2002: Attorneys Michael Kuzma and Barry Bachrach file FOIA requests
with several FBI field offices. The FBI's lead FOIA agent says the documents
may number close to 100,000 pages, and their release may take years. FBI field
offices have said that the scope of the inquiries outstrips their capacity to
process the documents, referring the requests to FBI headquarters. A FOIA
lawsuit challenging this stalling tactic and demanding that the FBI follow the
law is prepared.
12 September 2002: Leonard Peltier "celebrates" his 58th birthday; he's
in prison since age 31.
12 December 2002: the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
denies Leonard's appeal to reduce the unjust sentences imposed upon him. In
doing so, the court avoided addressing the merits of the case, to which it
would have had no answer, and rested its decision on jurisdictional grounds,
ruling that Leonard's motion to reduce his unjust sentence was too late. In the
meantime, there is still an appeal pending before the Tenth Circuit Court of
Appeals, which addresses the Parole Commission's refusal to consider Leonard
for parole until 2008.
December 2002: the Cambridge Democratic City Committee, Massachusetts, passes
a resolution in support of freedom for Peltier.
9 January 2003: KOLA presents the International Forum of VIPs for Peltier to
U.S. President George W. Bush and Senator Patrick Leahy, chairman of the U.S.
Senate Judiciary Committee via U.S. Embassies in Brussels, London, Frankfurt,
Amsterdam and Paris.
11 January 2003: KOLA presents the International Forum of VIPs for Peltier to
the international media during a press conference in Brussels.
6 February 2003: Leonard will start his 28th year in prison...
February 2003: The Green-Rainbow Party of Massachusetts passes a resolution in
support of freedom for Peltier, and calls for the release of up to 100,000
related documents held in FBI field offices, as well as for congressional
investigations into FBI misconduct in this case.
7 May 2003: the U.S. Justice Department, Office of the Pardon Attorney
acknowledges receipt of the +220 letters signed by KOLA's International Forum
of VIPs. The Justice Dept. writes Peltier's clemency request is still pending
and that the VIP letters are added to his file as "supporting evidence".
14 July 2003: Leonard's Denver appeal has finally been scheduled. Peltier
attorneys are pursuing an appeal to the United States 10th Circuit Court of Appeals of the recent denial of Leonard
Peltier's 1999 Habeas Corpus petition. Leonard seeks to overturn the U.S.
Parole Commission's refusal to even consider him for parole until December
2008. The normal Parole Commission guideline for prisoners convicted of
homicide offenses is 200+ months served. This means that Leonard should have
been released from prison over one decade ago. The Commission, however, has
repeatedly refused to consider setting a parole date until 2008 - when Leonard
will have served almost double the normal time. Oral arguments will be heard on
September 19, 2003, in the 10th Circuit of Appeals, Denver, Colorado.
15 August 2003: The FBI is ordered to begin releasing all remaining withheld
documents from its field offices by December 2004.
12 September 2003: Leonard Peltier's 59th birthday; for the 28th time behind
prison walls...
19 September 2003: Peltier's attorneys tell the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals in
Denver, Colorado that the government is denying him a parole hearing on the
unproven claim that he ambushed two FBI agents before allegedly gunning them
down 28 years ago. Peltier, now 59 years old, has been in prison twice as long
as required by federal guidelines if no hearing is held until 2008 as decreed
by the U.S. Parole Commission. The three-judge panel is taking the case under
advisement. Judge Stephen Anderson questioned the reasons for delaying a parole
hearing. "Isn't it troubling that the [parole] commission relied on
un-established facts?" Anderson asked. However, Anderson also asked
Peltier's attorney Barry Bachrach what he would do if a hearing is held and
parole is denied. The judge speculated the attorneys might then use other
strategies to win parole for Peltier. After the hearing, more than 200
supporters rallied outside the courthouse, singing and beating drums. Many
carried American Indian Movement banners and "Free Peltier"
signs.
4 November 2003: The federal appeals court in Denver announces its decision and
refuses to grant a parole hearing to Leonard Peltier. Peltier's attorney Barry
Bachrach says their options in responding to this ruling include asking the
full appeals court to consider the issue or taking the case to the U.S. Supreme
Court. Leonard Peltier has now done more than 10 years over the time that he
was eligible for parole.
February 2004: An American university professor and a Member of the European
Parliament officially nominate Leonard Peltier for the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize.
6 February 2004: Leonard Peltier starts his 28th year in prison...
19 April 2004: In yet another outrageous decision by the courts, the U.S.
Supreme Court refused to grant certiorari to review the 10th Circuit's denial
of Peltier's request to be considered for parole. The U.S. Supreme Court did so
in the face of the 10th Circuit's recognition that the government indisputably
engaged in misconduct in the prosecution of Leonard. This is another pitiful
failure of the U.S. justice system to correct undisputed government wrongs.
1 August 2004: The California Peace and Freedom Party announce they will not
be supporting Ralph Nader for president. The group of 80,000 instead nominates
Leonard Peltier at its convention.
2 September 2004: In a major lawsuit filed in Leonard Peltier and another federal
prisoner claim that United States Department of Justice Officials knowingly
violated the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 (& its amendments) and illegally
extended their prison terms for over a decade. The defendants named in the law
suit include the U.S. Parole Commission and individuals who have served on the
Commission during the past two decades; Attorney General John Ashcroft and former
Attorneys General Edwin Meese, Richard Thornburgh, William Barr, and Janet
Reno; and the current Director of the Bureau of Prisons, Harley Lappin, as well
as former directors J. Michael Quinlan and Kathleen Hawk Sawyer. The Sentencing
Reform Act (SRA) was passed to address what Congress thought were inconsistent
sentences imposed by different judges on different individuals convicted of the
same crimes, as well as arbitrary parole decisions. A new system - one of
determinate sentences - was born and the Parole Commission was abolished. At
the heart of the suit is the refusal of the government to enforce Title II,
Chapter II, Section 235(b)(3) of the SRA. Effective on October 12, 1984, this
part of the law ordered that parole dates "consistent with the applicable
parole guideline" be issued to all "old system" prisoners within
the following five-year period, at the end of which time (on October 11, 1989)
the commission would cease to exist. On December 7, 1987, Congress enacted
Public Law 100-182 which amended the SRA; repealed, in Section 2, the release
criteria established by the original section 235(b)(3); and restored the
release criteria under 18 U.S.C. 4206. This amendment did not restore the
Parole Commission or remove its obligation to establish mandatory release
dates, with sufficient time for appeal, by October 11, 1989. These changes to
the law also applied only to crimes committed after the law was amended on
December 7, 1987. The amendment simply did not apply to the plaintiffs or to
the some 6,000 other "old system" prisoners still held by the U.S.
Bureau of Prisons today. After it had technically ceased to exist, the Parole
Commission claimed it needed more time to complete its work. Congress
inexplicably granted a number of after-the-fact extensions, the first in 1990
and the latest in 2002. The suit claims these extensions were legally invalid
and therefore inapplicable because, at the time they were made, the Parole
Commission had already been abolished. Had the Parole Commission followed the
congressional mandate, Leonard Peltier would have been released over 12 years
ago. Lacking in any statutory authority, the U.S. Parole Commission in fact
illegally extended the terms of his imprisonment. The failure of the Parole
Commission to give release dates to Peltier violated the ex post facto, Bill of
Attainder, and Due Process clauses of the U.S. Constitution. Leonard Peltier
has demanded a permanent injunction preventing further misapplication of the
SRA and its amendments by the government; enforcement of the rights created by
the original section 235(b)(3); and, due to irreparable injuries, compensatory
and punitive damages as determined by a jury.
12 September 2004: Leonard Peltier turns 60 years old.
September 2004: during the New York fashion week, the American designers Marc
Jacobs and Anna Sui both print the slogan "Leonard Peltier is Innocent"
on their respective show programs. This does not go unnoticed. Both the New
York Times and the glossy fashion magazine Women's Wear Daily write
about it.
October 2004: during the Paris, France fashion week, the British designer
Vivienne Westwood and French designer Christian Lacroix both print the slogan "Leonard
Peltier is Innocent" on their respective show programs.
12 October 2004: The 137 new International Peltier Forum letters signed by
celebrities in 2003-2004 are sent to the White House by diplomatic mail through
the U.S. Embassy in Belgium. The letters include the one signed by former USSR
President Mikhail Gorbachov.
15 December 2004: The attorneys for Leonard Peltier file a Motion to Correct
an Illegal Sentence in the U.S. District Court in Fargo, North Dakota.
Peltier has been illegally imprisoned for nearly 30 years. The federal
jurisdiction conferred by the statutes under which he was convicted and
sentenced depended on the location of the alleged crime, not against
whom the crime was allegedly committed. The statutes required that the acts in
question take place "within the special maritime and territorial
jurisdiction of the United States". Because the acts occurred on the Pine
Ridge Indian Reservation, which is neither within the special maritime or
territorial jurisdiction of the United States (the Oglala Sioux Nation of Pine
Ridge is a sovereign nation!), Leonard Peltier was convicted and sentenced for
crimes over which the U.S. District Court had no jurisdiction. Not only did the
court not have jurisdiction in the Peltier case, but the trial judge inflicted
punishment – two consecutive life terms – that the jury’s verdict alone did not
allow. The jury did not find all the facts ‘which the law makes essential to
the punishment’. According to the Supreme Court, the judge exceeded his proper
authority. Peltier is calling on the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure in
effect at the time of his sentencing that provided that the Court could correct
an illegal sentence at any time. This rule applies to any offence committed
before November 1, 1997. The appellate courts have recognized the undisputed
misconduct in Peltier’s case – fabricated and suppressed evidence, as well as
coerced testimony – yet have refused to take corrective action for nearly three
decades. This is clearly an abuse of the legal standards of American justice.
30 December 2004: The FBI was ordered on August 15, 2003, to begin releasing
documents by December 2004. On December 30, 2004, the FBI produces 5,112 pages
of material. However, the pages released consist of Mr. Peltier's 1977 trial
transcript, as well as the Robideau-Butler trial transcript. Incredibly, the
FBI withheld 144 pages from these transcripts - documents that are already a
matter of public record - on the basis that they were exempt from disclosure.
Peltier's attorneys send a letter to the judge who issued the above Order, to
ask her to reconsider her August 2003 decision. We know that the FBI has
142,579 pages of material that have never been made available to Leonard's
legal team. The FBI Minneapolis Field Office alone has 90,000 pages. The data
maintained by this Field Office are particularly important because this was the
office in which the RESMURS investigation was based. Incredibly, the
judge denied the request, disagreeing that the FBI has made a bad faith
response to her Order. Perhaps she believes the legal team has waited nearly 30
years only to receive Peltier's trial transcript?
6 February 2005: Leonard Peltier starts his 29th year in prison...
February 2005: during the New York fashion week, the American designers Anna
Sui and Narciso Rodriguez (re-) print the slogan "Leonard Peltier is
Innocent" on their respective show programs.
16 February 2005: The Oglala Commemoration Committee and the Lakota Student
Alliance introduce the Leonard Peltier Honorary Scholarship for incoming
freshmen at the Oglala Lakota College on the Pine Ridge Reservation, South
Dakota. This scholarship will be awarded to one student each year that has
finished his/her General Equivalency Diploma (GED) in good standing and plans
to attend Oglala Lakota College (OLC) to further his/her education. The Award,
in the amount of $250, is created in the name of Leonard Peltier. Only GED
Graduates at Oglala Lakota College shall be eligible to receive this
scholarship. The applicant (GED Graduate) must submit an application and essay
to be considered by the Oglala Lakota College Scholarship Committee. The Oglala Lakota College Scholarship
Committee is authorized to select the award recipient each year. The Oglala
Commemoration Committee will announce the
Leonard Peltier Honorary Scholarship recipient following the annual Oglala
Commemoration Event held each year in Oglala on June 26th. The Lakota Student
Alliance and Oglala Commemoration Committee jointly sponsor the Scholarship to
honor and remember the lives lost during the 1970's civil conflict on the
reservation and to also raise awareness toward the unjust imprisonment of AIM
member Leonard Peltier. Lakota Student Alliance members hope this scholarship
will encourage GED graduates to further their education and gain powerful
knowledge for the common good of the Lakota Nation. The LSA realizes the
tremendous barriers that often lead to painful choices by many Lakota tribal
students. The GED graduates of the Oglala Lakota Nation are mostly Single
Parents with little income. These parents took the initiative to better
themselves for their homes, and their communities.
http://www.geocities.com/lakotastudentalliance/lsapr_081104.html
25 February 2005: the FBI releases an additional 5,167 pages of withheld records
from its Minneapolis field office. Peltier's legal team is presently reviewing
this information.
1 March 2005: During the Paris, France fashion week, British designer
Vivienne Westwood reprints the slogan "Leonard Peltier is
Innocent" on her show program; as well as on her advertising
campaigns.
3 March 2005: the Peltier attorneys file a Motion to Summarily Proceed
on Leonard's Petition for Habeas Corpus and to establish bail. On August 6,
2002, a Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus was submitted to the U.S. District
Court in the District of Columbia. This pending appeal concerns the
unconstitutional misapplication of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 (under
which prisoners sentenced "under the old system" were to be issued
release dates no later than October 1989) by the U.S. Parole Commission. On
February 20, 2004, a Reply Brief on the government's Motion to Transfer (to the
U.S. District Court in the District of Kansas) was filed. In March, the DC
District Court granted the government's Motion to Transfer. There has been no
movement on this appeal for over a year.
9 March 2005: a Motion for Expedited Hearing is filed concerning the
December 15, 2004, Motion to Correct an Illegal Sentence filed in the U.S.
District Court in the District of North Dakota. The Peltier attorneys demand a
permanent injunction preventing further misapplication of the SRA and its
amendments by the government; enforcement of the rights created by the original
section 235(b)(3); and due to irreparable injuries suffered by Peltier, compensatory
and punitive damages as determined by a jury. On September 17, stating the
claim appeared to be a habeas corpus petition, the court issued an Order to
Show Cause why the case shouldn't be transferred to the U.S. District Court of
Kansas On October 12, the legal team submitted its response and filed the final
complaint. Nevertheless, the court recently ordered the claim transferred to
the U.S. District Court of Kansas and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
District of Columbia affirmed the District Court's decision.
15 March 2005: the Peltier legal team files a Petition for a Writ of
Mandamus from the U.S. Supreme Court to reverse the appellate court's
ruling. In a related action, an Emergency Grievance was submitted to the
Bureau of Prisons in early March 2005 to address claims of illegal detention
resulting in personal injuries and/or irreparable harm. No response from prison
authorities within a 48-hour period will result in court action.
21 March 2005: Judge Donovan W. Frank issues an Order & Memorandum
regarding the appeal the legal team filed concerning the Magistrate Judge
Decision in their Minneapolis FOIA action. The Court set the matter for oral
argument.
27 March 2005: The hearing concerning the FOIA action against the FBI's
Minneapolis Field Office has been set for April 15, 2005, at 2:00 p.m. CT, at
the St. Paul Federal Court House, 316 N. Roberts, St. Paul, Minnesota.
5 April 2005: Leonard's lawyers fail to persuade a federal judge in Buffalo,
NY, to release a key document that could lead to a new trial for Peltier.
Citing legal provisions that protect identities of FBI personnel and
confidential sources, U.S. District Judge William M. Skretny refuses to provide
the full text of a 1975 tele-type message from the FBI's Buffalo office to
then-FBI Director Clarence M. Kelley. A version with parts blacked out had been
released last year. Peltier's attorneys contend the message suggests that a New
York FBI informant might have been trying to infiltrate Peltier's defense team.
The judge didn't deal with the legal team's arguments about COINTELPRO
and the FBI's war on the American Indian Movement. He sidestepped that issue,
and its key because Freedom of Information Act exemptions cannot be used to
shield illegal or unauthorized investigative tactics. Skretny deferred a final
decision on releasing seven of the 15 requested pages; all had been withheld on
national security grounds. Mike Kuzma, Peltier's FOIA lawyer, says he will
appeal the decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit in New
York City.
15 April 2005: Peltier's lawyers ask U.S. District Court Judge Donovan Frank
for immediate and unfettered access to 90,000 pages of documents that were
wrongly withheld during Peltier's 1977 trial. The thousands of pages compiled
by the FBI's Minneapolis field office could contain information about
informants and evidence Peltier could use to win his release or a new trial.
26 April 2005: While admonishing the FBI for withholding some documents, U.S.
District Judge Donovan Frank in St. Paul, MN, denies the request by Peltier's
lawyers for quicker access to information used to convict him of killing two
federal agents three decades ago. The Judge says a previously arranged schedule
for the release of documents assembled by the Minneapolis FBI office should
continue and be completed by December 1st. But he took issue with the FBI's
earlier decision to withhold 144 pages of public trial transcripts in the case
of Peltier. "Whether this sequestration of pages was the result of the
FBI's lack of resources or ineptitude, it is inexcusable and will not be
tolerated again by this court," Frank wrote. He wrote that he is
"fully prepared to order an expedited release schedule if it is
demonstrated, again, that the FBI has not acted in good faith." At the
hearing, FBI attorney Preeya Noranha says the agency is working as quickly as
possible and plans to turn over a new batch of documents every 60 days.
6 June 2005: Peltier's defense team is granted a hearing to correct his
illegal sentencing. The basis for this motion is that the U.S. District Court
lacked subject matter jurisdiction under the statutes upon which Mr. Peltier
was convicted and sentenced. The statutes in question require that the crime
take place "within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of
the United States". Since the deaths of the agents occurred on the Pine
Ridge Indian Reservation which is neither "within the special maritime
[or] territorial jurisdiction of the United States", the Peltier defense
team is asking the Court to grant Mr. Peltier's motion and vacate the illegal
sentences imposed upon him. This hearing is important because Peltier was never
charged with crimes over which the United States had jurisdiction. The history
of the constitution, and the statutes implicated, unequivocally establish that
Leonard Peltier was not convicted under the Indian Crimes Act, which is the
only possible authority under which the government could have tried and
convicted Peltier. Whereas here, the court had no jurisdiction to convict
Peltier under the crimes for which he was convicted, those convictions must be
set aside as a matter of law.
15 June 2005: At 2:00 PM the hearing takes place at the Quentin N. Burdick
U.S. Courthouse in Fargo, North Dakota. Peltier's defense team argue for his
release, saying the federal government did not have the right to try him for
crimes that occurred on a South Dakota reservation. "The court had no
federal offense before it and it had no federal jurisdiction," attorney Barry
Bachrach tells U.S. District Judge Ralph Erickson. Leonard Peltier, who has a
history of diabetes and recently suffered a stroke, listens by speakerphone
from federal prison in Leavenworth, Kansas. He talks briefly after lawyers had
finished, complaining that the government continues to change its story about
his role in the killings. Bachrach also tells the judge that a recent court
ruling on sentencing guidelines shows the court exceeded its authority in
handing down two consecutive life terms. A ruling is expected within two
months. About 30 people attend a protest rally outside the courthouse before
the hearing.
1 July 2005: Leonard Peltier is suddenly moved to USP Terre Haute, in
Indiana. The federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) recently decided to convert the
maximum-security prison of USP Leavenworth, Kansas, to a medium security
prison. The 1,511 prisoners will all be moved to maximum-security prisons such
as Terre Haute or Florence, Colorado. At Terre Haute, Leonard Peltier was
immediately placed in "the hole". It is basic procedure to keep
transferred inmates in the hole while processing takes place, however we do not
know how long that will take. While the Terre Haute facility is comparable to
Leavenworth – with 7.5-hour work assignments (all prisoners must work);
recreation; and other programs – there are some significant differences between
the two institutions. Terre Haute has a death row and its prison industry
includes work in support of the United States' "War on Terrorism",
i.e., production of ammunition for the U.S. military.
22 July 2005: The federal judge in North Dakota rejects the argument by
Leonard Peltier's lawyer, Barry Bachrach; said federal laws did not apply to
Peltier because the FBI agents Williams and Coler were killed in Indian
Country. U.S. District Judge Ralph Erickson denies the appeal, saying the
government has the right to prosecute people who kill federal agents, no matter
where the crimes occur. The appeal was one of several in the 30-year-old case.
Leonard himself speaks briefly by speakerphone during the hearing. He complains
that the government has changed its story about his role in the killings.
15 August 2005: Only one and half month after the transfer from USP
Leavenworth, KS to USP Terre Haute, IN, once again Leonard Peltier is
transferred to USP Lewisburg in Pennsylvania. Health problems continue to
plague Leonard and the conditions he was subjected to in Indiana exacerbated.
23 September 2005: The legal defense team for Leonard Peltier files an appeal to
the July 2005 U.S. District Court decision, which wrongly endorsed federal
jurisdiction over Indian Territory. The appeal seeks to overturn the denial of
Peltier's Motion to correct the illegal sentence imposed upon him by the
federal courts.
23 January 2006: A Hearing has been scheduled for February 13, 2006 to correct
the illegal sentencing that occurred in Leonard Peltier's case. The hearing
will take place at 9:00 a.m. at the Thomas F. Eagleton Courthouse, Southeast
Courtroom 27th Floor, 111 S. 10th Street in St. Louis, Missouri.
6 February 2006: It is exactly 30 years ago that Leonard Peltier was arrested in
Canada...
13 February 2006: In a "Standing Room" only courtroom in St. Louis,
Missouri, Mr. Peltier's attorneys argue Leonard's appeal to the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, relative to the District Court's denial of the
Motion to correct his Illegal Sentence. The Court greets both Peltier's
attorneys and the government attorney with many questions concerning the key
issues raised. After listening to the parties' arguments, the Court took the
case under advisement and a decision will most likely be rendered within the
next three months.
23 February 2006: The FBI can keep secret a handful of documents in the case of
Leonard Peltier in the interest of national security, U.S. District Judge
William Skretny ruled in Buffalo, NY, rejecting efforts by Leonard's legal team
for a glimpse at the 30-year-old records. Skretny issued the decision after
reviewing some of the pages in private as part of a Freedom of Information
request by the attorneys fighting to have Peltier's 1977 conviction overturned.
Attorney Michael Kuzma says he plans to appeal Skretny's ruling.
"Plaintiff has not established the existence of bad faith or provided any
evidence contradicting the FBI's claim that the release of these documents
would endanger national security or would impair this country's relationship
with a foreign government," the judge wrote in his decision. "The
pages we were most intrigued about revolved around a teletype from Buffalo... a
three-page document that seems to indicate that a confidential source was being
advised by the FBI not to engage in conduct that would compromise
attorney-client privilege," Kuzma said.
28 April 2006: The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit rules that the
U.S. government had the right to prosecute American Indian activist Leonard
Peltier for crimes that occurred on a South Dakota reservation. In this latest
appeal, Peltier's lawyers argued that federal courts have no jurisdiction over Indian
land. In the summer of 2005, U.S. District Judge Ralph Erickson ruled that the
government has the right to prosecute and imprison anyone who kills federal
agents, no matter where the crimes occur. The 8th U.S. Circuit Appeals Court
now upholds Erickson's ruling. Barry Bachrach, Peltier's lawyer, says he is
disappointed but that he is just going to keep moving forward with the issues
to correct this injustice.
17 June 2006:
Peltier's
legal team files a brief with the
20 June 2006: A posting of “old photo of Red Hawk” with ledger art design on
his pipe bag.
.
.
.
Red Hawk
American Horse
.
Oglala
http://www.legendsofamerica.com/bulletinboard/viewtopic.php?p=180&
http://www.mpm.edu/collections/artifacts/anthropology/ledger/index.php
31 August 2006: On September 8, 2006 at 9:30 a.m., Barry A. Bachrach, Esq. and
Michael Kuzma, Esq. will be arguing before U.S. Magistrate Judge Susan R.
Nelson for the full release of all FBI files maintained by the Minneapolis
Field Office relating to Leonard Peltier and RESMURS. The FBI reviewed 77,149
pages and released 66,594 pages in full or in part, however, 10,555 pages were
withheld in their entirety. Of utmost significance is that Mr. Peltier seeks
release of documents relating to informants, particularly with respect to the
extent the FBI paid informants to infiltrate Mr. Peltier's defense team. Mr.
Peltier's legal team just discovered evidence establishing that Douglas Durham,
who was a confidential source paid by the FBI to infiltrate the highest levels
of the American Indian Movement and who
was exposed on March 7, 1975, spoke with, and provided information to, William
Halprin, the Chief Prosecutor from Canada against Mr. Peltier in connection
with the extradition proceedings. Halprin requested
7 December 2006: UPDATE on COURT HEARING OF DECEMBER 7,
2006. On December 7, 2006, Michael Kuzma, argued before a three-judge panel of
the
January 2007 -
Peltier Artwork: “From Feb. 3 through
April 8, the
http://www.nativepeoples.com/article/articles/237/1/The-Warrior-Elder:-Leonard-Peltier
http://prescottarts.com/node/237/print?PHPSESSID=7cb649b7b9f8a300d96a31a63a263ed5
“Four
things belong to a judge:
to
hear courteously, to answer wisely,
to
consider SOBERLY and to decide impartially”
~
Socrates
.
.
http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Socrates
http://images.google.com/images?q=hemlock&ndsp=20&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&start=100&sa=N
ANCESTRAL HOME
Looking Forward To Going Home
Leonard has property located on
the Spirit Lake Dakota Reservation, in the town of Tokio,
.
.
Photo
courtesy of LPDC
Leonard Peltier
Self-portrait 2004
.
.
.
.
.
“Devil’s Lake Sioux
Map – 1867”
http://savethesheyenne.org/treaty.Sioux1867.htm
Canadian Reserves
“At the present
time the Dakota reside on four reserves in
.
.
Summary of Leonard Peltier genealogy:
Itewakinyan
(Thunderface)
Chief of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Five
Lodge Band, 1795.
Signer of the “Treaty of Traverse des Sioux, 1851”
Thunderface’s Sister:
Tateahnahiyayewin (Coming on Top of a Cloud)
Generation One: Tateahnahiyayewin and Ptewakannajin
(Holy Standing Buffalo)
Generation Two: Hunkawin (Anna Jetty) and Francois
Jette, Sr.
Generation Three: Julienne Dubois Pilon Jetty and
Frank Ste Jetty, Jr.
Generation Four: Annie Jane Jetty Robideau and William
Robideau
Generation Five: Alvina Robideau Peltier and Leo
Peltier
Generation Six: Leonard Peltier
.
.
Thunderbird
The image of the "Thunder Being"
or Thunderbird is a relatively rare one at the Jeffers site, appearing only 3
times.
The multi-jointed
wings in this glyph correspond to ethnographic descriptions from Dakota Indians
recorded during the late nineteenth century.
http://www1.umn.edu/marp/rockart/rockart.html
http://www.hotcakencyclopedia.com/ho.Thunderbirds.html
.
.
“...the supreme law of the land is the Great Spirit's, not Man's
law.”
Thomas Banyacya
Hopi
http://www.ewebtribe.com/NACulture/articles/amindianquotes.htm
Collection of
Memories
By Elaine Wakaksan Matlow
January 2007
..
Part Three of Three
NEVER TO BE FORGOTTEN…
In memory of those murdered at Pine Ridge, 1973–1976
.
.
04.14.1973 - Priscilla White Plume
04.17.1973 - Frank Clearwater
04.23.1973 - Between eight and
twelve individuals,
(names unknown)
packing supplies into Wounded Knee.
04.27.1973 - Buddy Lamont
06.19.1973 - Clarence Cross
07.30.1973 - Julius Bad Heart Bull
09.22.1973 - Melvin Spider
09.23.1973 - Philip Black Elk
10.05.1973 - Aloysius Long Soldier
10.10.1973 - Phillip Little Crow
10.17.1973 - Pedro Bissonette
11.20.1973 - Allison Fast Horse
.
.
01.17.1974 - Edward Means, Jr.
02.27.1974 - Edward Standing Soldier
04.19.1974 - Roxeine Roark
09.07.1974 - Dennis LeCompte
09.11.1974 - Jackson Washington Cutt
09.16.1974 - Robert Reddy
11.16.1974 - Delphine Crow Dog
11.20.1974 - Elaine Wagner
12.03.1974 - John S. Moore
12.28.1974 - Yvette Loraine Lone Hill
.
.
01.05.1975 - Leon L. Swift Bird
03.01.1975 - Martin Montileaux
03.20.1975 - Stacy Cotter
03.21.1975 - Edith Eagle Hawk and her two children
03.27.1975 - Jeanette Bissonette
03.30.1975 - Richard Eagle
04.04.1975 - Hilda R. Good Buffalo
04.04.1975 - Jancita Eagle Deer
05.20.1975 - Ben Sitting Up
06.01.1975 - Kenneth Little
06.15.1975 - Leah Spotted Elk
(Photo’s of Joseph
Stuntz Killsright)
06.26.1975 - Joseph Stuntz
Killsright
07.12.1975 - James Briggs Yellow
07.25.1975 - Andrew Paul Stewart
08.25.1975 - Randy Hunter
09.09.1975 - Howard Blue Bird
09.10.1975 - Jim Little
10.26.1975 - Janice Black Bear
10.26.1975 - Olivia Binais
10.27.1975 - Michelle Tobacco
12.06.1975 - Carl Plenty Arrows, Sr.
12.06.1975 - Frank LaPointe
12.25.1975 - Floyd S. Binais
..
01.05.1976 - Lydia Cut Grass
01.30.1976 - Byron DeSersa
02.06.1976 - Lena R. Slow Bear
02.26.1976 - Anna Mae Pictou Aquash
03.01.1976 - Hobart Horse
03.26.1976 - Cleveland Reddest
04.28.1976 - Betty Jo Dubray
05.06.1976 - Marvin Two Two
05.09.1976 - Julia Pretty Hips
05.24.1976 - Sam Afraid of Bear
06.04.1976 - Kevin Hill
07.03.1976 - Betty Means
07.31.1976 - Sandra Wounded Foot
.
.
. .
Always in our heart…
Leonard Peltier,
Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, all of the above listed and unlisted murdered Indian
people,
who were betrayed
by their own tribesmen on behalf of the
http://www.freepeltier.org/analysis_fbi_pfv.htm
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=joe+stuntz&btnG=Search+Images
Concluding
Words…
2007, a nation divided since 1862: The Dakota are
divided religiously, politically and economically. Reflecting on the past, there
was the “White Dog” from Kaposia who was hanged at Mankato, and there was the
“White Dog” of the Five Lodge Band who was a scout for the Sibley expedition of
1863. Both were Dakota with different perspectives that divided them with the
issues at hand.
So it is today, the Dakota are divided about the issue of Leonard Peltier, a
political prisoner; who in 1975 went to Pine Ridge at the request of the Lakota
traditional people to protect them from being slaughtered from their own people
on behalf of the United States government. Is Leonard guilty or innocent of the
alleged crimes he is accused of? To answer this question, one must ask, after
thirty-one years of Leonard’s imprisonment, WHERE are certain, pertinent, FBI,
government documents and WHY do the courts allow these documents to be withheld
from examination during court proceedings? HOW can anyone arrive at a logical
and reasonable conclusion if only parts of the facts are presented? All the
facts, all the documents, must be examined in their entirety in order to come
to the realization of truth and justice. When the courts release these
documents, then and only then, will the truth be released! Until that time
comes, Leonard should be released from federal custody and allowed to return to
his ancestral Dakota home of the Five Lodge Band.
Sacred Words…
.
.
Photo
Courtesy of LPDC
“Black Elk”
by Leonard Peltier
“A long time ago, my father told me what his father told him, that there was
once a Lakota holy man, called Drinks Water, who dreamed what was to be; and
this was long before the coming of the Wasichus. He dreamed that the
four-legged were going back into the earth and that a strange race had woven a
spider’s web all around the Lakota’s. And he said: “When this happens, you
shall live in square gray houses, in a barren land, and beside those square gray
houses you shall starve.” They say he went back to Mother Earth soon after he
saw this vision, and it was sorrow that killed him. You can look about you now
and see that he meant these dirt-roofed houses we are living in, and that all
the rest was true. Sometimes dreams are wiser than waking.” ~ Black Elk
“Black Elk Speaks” (chapter 2) http://blackelkspeaks.unl.edu/index2.htm
..
Descendants of Julienne Dubois
Generation One:
1. Julienne1 Dubois; born circa 1856; married William Pilon , son of Antoine Pilon and Cecile Harkness, 8 February 1875 Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada (MM Manitoba Marriages in Publication 45, Volumes 1-3, compiled and edited by: Paul J. Lareau, Fr. Julien Hamelin, (240 Avenue Daly, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6G2: Le Centre de Genealogie S.C., 1984).); married Francois Jette , son of Francois Jette and Matris Dakotieneis, 2 December 1883 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory, M-53, Francois Jette, age 22 years, s/o Francois Jette and Matris Dakotieneis [?] married 2 Dec 1883, Julianne Dubois, widow of Guillaume Pilon, St.Joseph, Present: Alexander Dubois and Jacob Azur, L. Bonin ptre. (Page 131) (SJL-1 Register of Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials, St.Joseph, Leroy, North Dakota, Diocese of Saint Paul, Minnesota, 1870-1888, Book 1, page 131, M-53.).
She was in the census household of Jean
Baptiste Dubois
and Marie Anne
Laberge
on 15 July 1870 Ste.
Agathe, Manitoba, Canada (#1299-1307;
Baptiste Dubois, Ste. Agathe, born Red River, age 47, son of Francois Dubois,
Metis, married, British Subject, French Metis, Catholic; Marie, A., 36,
daughter of Norbert Laberge; Norbert, 19, son of Baptiste Dubois, single;
Alexandre, 16; Julien, 14; Rosalie, 12; Francois, 8; Marie, 6; Napoleon, 3.
(Page 43)) (1870C-MB 1870 Manitoba Census, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, Microfilm Reel Number C-2170. #1299-1307, page 43.). She witnessed the
baptism of Marie Alvina Dubois
on 13 August 1882
St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory (B-232, Marie Alvina Dubois, bt. 13 Aug 1882,
born yesterday, d/o Alexandre Dubois and Rosalie Pilon, of St.Joseph, Gf:
Napoleon Dubois, Gm: Julianne Dubois, L. Bonin ptre. (page 119)) (SJL-1, page
119, B-232.). She witnessed the baptism of Marie Ernestine Dubois
on 30 May 1886
St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory (B-482, Marie Ernestine Dubois, bt. 30 May
1886, born 28 May, d/o Norbert Dubois and Elizabeth Larocque, of St.Joseph, Gf:
Francois Jette, Gm: Julianne Dubois, L. Bonin ptre. (page 150)) (SJL-1, page
150, B-482.). She witnessed the baptism of Marie Anne Louise Roussin
on 3 October 1886
St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory (B-500, Marie Anne Louise Roussin, bt. 3 Oct
1886, born 30 September, d/o Pierre Roussin and Marie Dubois, of St.Joseph, Gf:
Francois Jette, Gm: Julianne Dubois, L. Bonin ptre. (page 152)) (SJL-1, page
152, B-500.). She witnessed the baptism of David Israel Dubois
on 21 December
1888 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory (B-19, David Israel Dubois, bt. 21 Dec 1888,
born 19 Dec 1888, s/o Baptiste Dubois and Josephte Larance, St.Joseph, Gf:
Francois Jette, Gm: Julianne Dubois, C. St.Pierre ptre) (SJL-2 Register of
Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials, St.Joseph, Leroy, North Dakota, Diocese of
Saint Paul, Minnesota, 1888-1900, Book 2, B-19.).
William Pilon
was born circa
October 1853 St.Norbert, (Manitoba), Canada (MBS Scrip Applications, Original White Settlers
& Halfbreeds residing in Manitoba on 15 July 1870, RG15-19, C-14932.). He
died on 7 June 1883 Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory (SJL-1, page 126,
S-115.). He was buried on 9 June 1883 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota
Territory, S-115, Guillaume Pilon, bu. 9 Jun 1883, died 7 June, age 28 years,
husband of Julianne Dubois, St.Joseph, L. Bonin ptre. (page 126) (Ibid.). He
was in the census household of Antoine Pilon
and Cecile
Harkness
on 15 July 1870
St.Norbert, Manitoba, Canada
(#1627-1636; Antoine Pilon, St.Norbert, born Red River, age 45, son of
Joseph Pilon, Metis, married, British Subject, French Metis, Catholic; Cecile,
44, daughter of __ Harkness; William, 18, son of William Pilon, single;
Toussaint, 16; Abraham, 14; Joseph, 12; Alexis, 9; Charles, 7; Rosalie, 4;
Christine, 2. (page 53)) (1870C-MB, #1627-1636, page 53.). He had a scrip
application: on 23 November 1876 Ste.Agathe, Provencher, Manitoba, Canada,:
William Pilon; Ste.Agathe; Provencher; yeoman; HB child; Born: Fall 1853;
St.Norbert; age 23; Father: Antoine Pilon (HB) [is]; Mother: Cecile Arkness
(HB) [is]; French; William Pilon (x); 23 Nov 1876; Antoine Pilon (x);
St.Agathe; Baptiste Dubois (x) (MBS, C-14932.).
Children of Julienne1 Dubois and William Pilon were as follows:
- Guillaume2 Pilon;
born 14 May 1877
Wood Mountain, (Saskatchewan), Canada; married Virginie Amyotte
, daughter of Jean
Louis Amyotte
and Isabelle
Decouteau,
1898Dunseith,
Rolette County, North Dakota (HBSI Index 1886-1901, 1906 Halfbreed Scrip
Applications, RG15-21.).
- Marie Domitilde Pilon
(SJL-1, page 106,
B-130.); born 30 November 1880 Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory (Ibid.);
baptized 5 December 1880 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory,
B-130, Marie Domitilde Pilon, bt. 5 Dec 1880, born 30 November, d/o Guillaume
Pilon and Julianne Dubois, of St.Joseph, Gf: Pierre Roussin, Gm: Marie Dubois,
L. Bonin ptre. (page 106) (Ibid.).
- Christine
Pilon
(Ibid., page 117,
B-214.); born 26 May 1882 Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory (Ibid.);
baptized 27 May 1882 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory, B-214,
Christine Pilon, bt. 27 May 1882, born yesterday, d/o William Pilon and
Juilanne Dubois, of St.Joseph, Gf: Alexander Dubois, Gm: Rosalie Pilon, L.
Bonin ptre. (page 117) (Ibid.).
Children of Julienne1 Dubois and Francois Jette were as follows:
- Marie2 Jette
(SJL-1, page 137,
B-367.); born 24 July 1884 Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory (Ibid.);
baptized 25 July 1884 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory,
B-367, Marie Jette, bt. 25 Jul 1884, born yesterday, d/o Francois Jette and
Julianne Dubois, of St.Joseph, Gf: Norbert Dubois, Gm: Elizabeth Larocque, L.
Bonin ptre. (page 137) (Ibid.); died 24 February 1885 Leroy, Pembina County,
Dakota Territory (Ibid., page 140, S-142.); buried 25 February 1885 St.Joseph,
Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory, S-142, Marie Jette, bu. 25 Feb 1885,
died yesterday, age 7 months, d/o Francois Jette and Julianne Dubois,
St.Joseph, L. Bonin ptre. (page 140) (Ibid.).
- Marie Georgelina Jette
(Ibid., page 147,
B-446.); born 1 January 1886 Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory (Ibid.);
baptized 7 January 1886 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory,
B-446, Marie Georgelina Jette, bt. 7 Jan 1886, born 1 January, d/o Francois
Jette and Julianne Dubois, of St.Joseph, Gf: Jean Baptiste Dubois Sr., Gm:
Josephte Larence, L. Bonin ptre. (page 147) (Ibid.).
- Lucie
Victoria Jette
(Ibid., page 164,
B-590.); born 29 November 1887 Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory (Ibid.);
baptized 11 December 1887 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, Dakota Territory,
B-590, Lucie Victoria Jette, bt. 11 Dec 1887, born 29 November, d/o Francois
Jette and Julienne Dubois, St.Joseph, Gf: Francois Dubois, Gm: Mary Jeanne
Dubois, P. B. Champagne ptre. (page 164) (Ibid.); died 5 June 1889 Leroy,
Pembina County, North Dakota, at age 1 (SJL-D, page 1.); buried 7 June 1889
St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, North Dakota, Lucie Jette, died 5 Jun 1889,
bu. 7 Jun 1889, born St.Joseph, age 17 months, Consumption, Witnesses: Norbert
Bartelette and Alex Laroque, C. St.Pierre ptre. (page 1) (Ibid.).
- Maxime Ferdinand Jette
(SJL-2, page 15,
B-31.); born 5 September 1889 Leroy, Pembina County, North Dakota (Ibid.);
baptized 8 September 1889 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, North Dakota, B-31,
Maxime Ferdinand Jette, born 5 Sep 1889, bt. 8 Sep 1889, s/o Francois Jette and
Julienne Dubois, St.Joseph, Gf: Antoine Azure, Gm: Virginie Dubois, C.
St.Pierre ptre. (page 15) (Ibid.); married Rosine F. Morin
, daughter of
Andrew Morin
and Sarah Gladu,
before 1915.
- Guillaume Jette
(SJL-2, page 29,
B-25.); born 2 October 1890 Leroy, Pembina County, North Dakota (Ibid.);
baptized 2 October 1890 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, North Dakota, B-25,
Guillaume Jette, born and bt. 2 Oct 1890, s/o Francois Jette and Julianne
Dubois, St.Joseph, Gf: Alex. Dubois, Gm: Marguerite Dease, C. M. Turcotte ptre.
(page 29) (Ibid.); died 28 January 1891 Leroy, Pembina County, North Dakota
(SJL-D, page 2.); buried 30 January 1891 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County,
North Dakota, William Jette, died 28 Jan 1891, bu. 30 Jan 1891, born St.Joseph,
age 3 months 20 days, Croup, C. M. Turcotte ptre. (page 2) (Ibid.).
- Marie Veronica Jette
(SJL-2, page 42,
B-42.); born 10 December 1891 Leroy, Pembina County, North Dakota (Ibid.);
baptized 13 December 1891 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, North Dakota, B-42,
Marie Veronica Jette, born 10 Dec 1891, bt. 13 Dec 1891, d/o Francois Jette and
Julianne Dubois, St.Joseph, Gf: Napoleon Dubois, Gm: Olive Dubois, C. M.
Turcotte ptre. (page 42) (Ibid.); died 29 September 1892 Leroy, Pembina County,
North Dakota (SJL-D, page 4.); buried 1 October 1892 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina
County, North Dakota, Mary Veronic Jette, died 29 Sep 1892, bu. 1 Oct 1892,
born St.Joseph, age 10 months, unknown, Witnesses: Francois Jette and Antoine
Azure, M. Z. A. Perron ptre. (page 4) (Ibid.).
- Joseph
Zepherin Arthur Jette
(SJL-2, page 55,
B-52.); born 14 December 1892 Leroy, Pembina County, North Dakota (Ibid.);
baptized 18 December 1892 St.Joseph, Leroy, Pembina County, North Dakota, B-52,
Joseph Zepherin Arthur Jette, born 14 Dec 1892, bt. 18 Dec 1892, s/o Francois
Jette and Julianne Dubois, St.Joseph, Gf: Joseph Dubois, Gm: Emelie Larocque,
M. Z. A. Perron ptre. (page 55) (Ibid.); died 9 April 1893 Leroy, Pembina
County, North Dakota (SJL-D, page 4.); buried 11 April 1893 St.Joseph, Leroy,
Pembina County, North Dakota, Joseph Arthur Jette, died 9 Apr 1893, bu. 11 Apr
1893, born St.Joseph, age 4 months, Witnesses: Francois Jette and Baptiste
Dubois, M. Z. A. Perron ptre. (page 4) (Ibid.).
Printed on: 14 May
2005
Prepared by:
..
Bibliography
1870C-MB 1870
1900C-TMC 1900
1936-TMC 1936 Tribal Roll, Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation,
Office of Indian Affairs, received 28 Jan 1938, National Archives of the United
States, Washington D.C.
HBSI Index 1886-1901, 1906 Halfbreed Scrip Applications,
RG15-21, Microfilm Reel Number C-14943, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario.
MBS Scrip Applications,
Original White Settlers & Halfbreeds residing in Manitoba on 15 July 1870,
RG15-19, Volume 1319 through 1324, 2128, Microfilm Reel Number C-14925 through
C-14934, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
MM Manitoba Marriages in Publication 45, Volumes 1-3, compiled
and edited by: Paul J. Lareau, Fr. Julien Hamelin, (240 Avenue Daly, Ottawa,
Ontario K1N 6G2: Le Centre de Genealogie S.C., 1984).
SJL-1 Register of Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials, St.Joseph,
Leroy, North Dakota, Diocese of Saint Paul, Minnesota, 1870-1888, Book 1.
SJL-2 Register of Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials, St.Joseph,
Leroy, North Dakota, Diocese of Saint Paul, Minnesota, 1888-1900, Book 2.
SJL-D St.Joseph Leroy, North Dakota, Record of Interments
1888-1932.
.
.
http://www.saskschools.ca/~gregory/firstnations/beliefs.html
http://www.saskschools.ca/~gregory/firstnations/pipes.html
http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/ecp/content/aboriginals_siouans.html
.
.
Acknowledgements:
Louis Garcia:
Spirit Lake Dakota Historian
Irene Gonder:
“Sna-sna-mani Story” and “Samuel King Info”
Gail Morin:
“Descendants of Julienne Dubois – Generation One”
Betty Smith: “1862
- Holy Standing Buffalo (Ptewakannajin)” photo courtesy
Toni Zeidan: “Leonard Peltier Artwork” LPDC photo courtesy
..
References:
“Black Elk Speaks”
By John G. Neihardt
http://blackelkspeaks.unl.edu/index2.htm
“Bury My Heart At
Wounded Knee” By Dee Brown (chapter 3)
“The Dakota of the
Canadian Northwest: Lessons For Survival” By Peter D. Elias
Winnipeg: The University
of Manitoba Press, 1988.
“Famous American
Trials” By Douglas O. Linder
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/dakota.html
“Hear Me, My Chiefs!”
By L.V. McWhorter, Escape to Canada (Pages 508-524)
“The History and
Culture of the Spirit Lake Dakota Message # 28 - The Five Lodge Band”
By Louis Garcia ©”
“Inkpaduta’s Revenge - The True Story of
the Spirit
http://members.aol.com/dlbristow/inkpadut.htm
“Legends, Letters and Lies:
Readings on Inkpaduta and the Spirit Lake Massacre”
By Mary Hawker Bakeman, 2001
(Pages 130,131 and 142)
“Through Dakota
Eyes” By Gary Clayton Anderson and Alan R. Woolworth
..
Cited Websites:
http://blackelkspeaks.unl.edu/index2.htm
http://catlinclassroom.si.edu/catlin_browsepagetribe.cfm?StartRow=201
http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0493.htm
http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0588.htm
http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0591.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIRFA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horace_Mayo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Peace_pipe.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkpaduta
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Uprising
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_method
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_lake_massacre
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taopi,_Minnesota
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyateduta
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mendota
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_Mayo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Worrall_Mayo
http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Socrates
http://genepoulin.com/d0030/f0000000.html
http://hotcakencyclopedia.com/ho.WhiteWolf.html
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=george+catlin&btnG=Search+Images
http://images.google.com/images?q=george+catlin+sioux&btnG=Search&svnum=10&hl=en
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&lr=&q=jeffers%20petroglyph&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=little%20crow&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=1862+Mankato%2C+Minnesota&btnG=Search+Images
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=joe+stuntz&btnG=Search+Images
http://images.google.com/images?q=hemlock&ndsp=20&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&start=100&sa=N
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=Sioux+Indians+by+Seth+Eastman+1850&btnG=Search
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=traverse+des+sioux
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&q=minnesota+historical+society&btnG=Search
http://members.aol.com/dlbristow/inkpadut.htm
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/index.shtml
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part1.shtml
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part2.shtml
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part3.shtml
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part5.shtml
http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part6.shtml
http://pantheon.cis.yale.edu/~thomast/art/catlin.html
http://prescottarts.com/node/237/print?PHPSESSID=7cb649b7b9f8a300d96a31a63a263ed5
http://savethesheyenne.org/treaty.Sioux1867.htm
http://users.skynet.be/kola/lpchrono.htm
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7929355727040597087
http://www.answers.com/topic/spirit-lake-massacre
http://www.axel-jacob.de/leaders17.html
http://www.chilit.org/KLOOSTER1.HTM
http://www.deloriahurst.com/deloriahurst%20page/817.html
http://www.ci.faribault.mn.us/history2/Taopi/Taopi_before.html
http://www.cr.nps.gov/nagpra/fed_notices/nagpradir/nic0342.html
http://www.ewebtribe.com/NACulture/articles/amindianquotes.htm
http://www.ewebtribe.com/NACulture/stories.htm
http://www.fc4htrp.org/pics/hoofprint2.gif
http://www.freepeltier.org/analysis_fbi_pfv.htm
http://www.geocities.com/lakotastudentalliance/lsapr_081104.html
http://www.hotcakencyclopedia.com/ho.Thunderbirds.html
http://www.indigenouspeople.net/catlin.htm
http://www.indigenouspeople.net/littcrow.htm
http://www.isd77.k12.mn.us/schools/dakota/conflict/causespage.htm
http://www.isd77.k12.mn.us/schools/dakota/conflict/hangnames.htm
http://www.isd77.k12.mn.us/schools/dakota/conflict/remains.htm
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/Trials_of_Prisoners.html
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/whitedog.html
http://www.legendsofamerica.com/bulletinboard/viewtopic.php?p=180&
http://www.leonardpeltier.net/
http://www.mainflorist.com/flang.html
http://www.mnhs.org/places/historycenter/exhibits/territory/
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/mncultures/littlecrow.html
http://www.mpm.edu/collections/artifacts/anthropology/ledger/index.php
http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/ecp/content/aboriginals_siouans.html
http://www.nativepeoples.com/article/articles/237/1/The-Warrior-Elder:-Leonard-Peltier
http://www.nps.gov/archive/biho/fort_walsh.htm
http://www.primeau.org/StandingRock1885families.html#gates
http://www.rootsweb.com/~usgenweb/nd/sioux/census/1900/260-11a.gif
http://www.rrcnet.org/~historic/inventory.html
http://www.rrcnet.org/~historic/whouse.htm
http://www.saskschools.ca/~gregory/firstnations/beliefs.html
http://www.saskschools.ca/~gregory/firstnations/pipes.html
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/union-generals/custer/custers-last-stand.htm
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/union-generals/sitting-bull.htm
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mn/county/wilkin/bios/1904-s3.htm
http://www.utulsa.edu/law/classes/rice/Treaties/17_Stat_0456_Sioux.htm
http://www.utulsa.edu/law/classes/rice/Treaties/07_Stat_538_Sioux.htm
http://www.utulsa.edu/law/classes/rice/Treaties/10_Stat_0949_Sioux.htm
http://www.uwm.edu/News/profile/Beaulieu.html
http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/whi/fullimage.asp?id=27616
http://www.worldisround.com/articles/13890/
http://www1.umn.edu/marp/rockart/rockart.html
http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode42/usc_sec_42_00001996----000-.html
Collection of Memories
By Elaine Wakaksan Matlow
January 2007 ©
http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Clipart/Clipart-bars_pg1.html